Power in the Peripheries: Family Business and the Global Reach of the 18th-Century Spanish Empire Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Goode, Catherine Tracy Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 15:42:03 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228178 POWER IN THE PERIPHERIES: FAMILY BUSINESS AND THE GLOBAL REACH OF THE 18TH-CENTURY SPANISH EMPIRE by Catherine Tracy Goode _______________________ Copyright © Catherine Tracy Goode 2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Catherine Tracy Goode entitled Power in the Peripheries: Family Business and the Global Reach of the 18th-Century Spanish Empire and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Kevin Gosner Date: 04/27/2012 B.J. Barickman Date: 04/27/2012 Martha Few Date: 04/27/2012 Susan Deeds Date: 04/25/2012 Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Kevin Gosner Date: 04/27/2012 Dissertation Director 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. Signed: Catherine Tracy Goode 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This sure as hell was one long and bumpy ride. My committee has shown an almost super-human patience as I tried to finish, for which I am most grateful. Kevin Gosner is a thoughtful critic and considerate mentor who guided me through the Ph.D. program, from classes to exams to this very moment, even when I did not deserve his kindness. Muito obrigada a Bert Barickman for introducing me to Brazil and challenging me to see beyond the limitations of language and nationality. As he would say, it was quite good— except for the singing! Susan Deeds’ intellectual rigor and enthusiasm for research taught me to love the archive for the unexpected paths down which the documents can lead you. Thanking her for all the support, kindness, generosity, and trust seems trite but, mil gracias Susana. Sarah Clark, Kristin Mann, Lean Sweeney, Ageeth Sluis, Melissa Guy, Celeste Gonzalez de Bustamante, Jodie Kreider, Ziad Fahmy, Liza McCahill, Angela Crall, and Kaci Ruh stuck by me when women (and one man!) of less strength and stamina would have bolted! As my friends they support me through the bad times, but more importantly, they also happily debate the origins of capitalism or the meanings of feminism with me, laugh along at the inappropriate jokes in a sitcom, indulge me as I knit gift after gift, and watch LOTR (extended editions, si como no) over and over. Karen Powers generously gave me the opportunity to work at the Archivo General de las Indias where I found the cache of letters upon which I built this study. My friends at the Casa de Los Amigos make me feel that I will always have a home in “eldayeffay.” I'd also like to thank Glenn Avent for our many conversations about the nature of history and Amelia Kiddle for teaching me to knit! One evening when I was just a little junior-high-school student, I asked my father to help me study for a history test on the U.S. Civil War. Dad was a proud Texan doing his best to raise me in the same tradition despite the fact that we were well north of the Mason-Dixon line. He quickly took issue with the textbook’s “Yankee lies” and we spent the evening talking about the complexity of those events, not to deny the culpability of the South, but to see both sides as more than mere caricatures. This is my earliest memory of understanding that history is about competing narratives and the power to deploy them. Even though he was an accomplished herpetologist, he taught me to love history. I am grateful for all that my Dad did for me, but here and now, I thank him for giving me history. And now for my next act, in the words of Calle 13, “…vamos dibujando el camino….” 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT......................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION................................................................................ 8 The Family San Juan de Santa Cruz ........................................ 12 The Peripheral Triangle: Manila/Acapulco-Veracruz- Nueva Vizcaya......................................................................... 15 Archival Sources...................................................................... 22 Chapters ................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER ONE: NEW SPAIN’S PERIPHERIES AND THE ASIAN WORLD SYSTEM .................................................................. 28 The European World-System .................................................. 29 Critiques from the Periphery (and External Arena)................. 34 New Spain as a Core of the Early Modern World Economy........................................................................ 44 Peripheries within Cores.......................................................... 55 Merchant Bureaucrats Connecting New Spain to the World............................................................................. 61 Colonial Commerce and Fraud ................................................ 67 Conclusion ............................................................................... 73 CHAPTER TWO: ACAPULCO-MANILA ...................................... 75 The Pacific Cities..................................................................... 76 Trading Between Peripheries................................................... 85 From Manila to Acapulco ........................................................ 96 Family Networks in the Peripheries....................................... 104 Regulating the Galleon Trade ................................................ 110 Registering Gifts .................................................................... 116 Conclusion ............................................................................. 127 CHAPTER THREE: VERACRUZ.................................................. 129 The Atlantic City.................................................................... 131 Veracruz and Atlantic Trade.................................................. 138 The Older Brother.................................................................. 156 Judge and Judged ................................................................... 165 6 Conclusion ............................................................................. 170 CHAPTER FOUR: NUEVA VIZCAYA......................................... 172 The Province of Nueva Vizcaya ............................................ 173 Merchant Bureaucrats and Unwritten Contracts.................... 180 The Younger Brother ............................................................. 193 From the World to Nueva Vizcaya ........................................ 207 Endogenous Accumulation in 18th-century New Spain.................................................................... 213 Conclusion ............................................................................. 223 CONCLUSION................................................................................ 226 A Gallo in the North .............................................................. 227 Further Research .................................................................... 235 REFERENCES................................................................................. 243 7 ABSTRACT Through the investigation of the strategies and tactics the San Juan de Santa Cruz family used in local contexts, this study demonstrates how Spanish colonists were able to access the global economy. Beyond the construction of family and political networks, the brothers connected the peripheries of Manila- Acapulco, Veracruz, and Nueva Vizcaya in order to manage and expand their family business empire beyond the cores of Mexico City or the crown in Spain. Each chapter of the dissertation focuses on the local strategies employed by Francisco and Manuel in particular peripheries, and investigates the links created by the family between peripheral locations in an effort to access the global economy, avoiding core areas in the process. Relying on the conceptual language of Immanuel Wallerstein’s world-system, but following a creative opening cracked by Andre Gunder Frank, this study posits a multi-