1 A LITTLE MORE ABOUT AND AROUND THE MORSE CODE Featuring Samuel Finley Breese MORSE (left), Alfred VAIL (middle) and… Friedrich Clemens GERKE (right) 1. Shall we say the Morse code, or should we call it the Vail code? And where does Gerke comes in? (see point 2). A controversy exists over the role of each in the invention of the code. Vail and Morse certainly collaborated in the invention of the Morse telegraph and almost certainly in the final form of the code. But it is clear that the basic ideas came from Morse, years before Vail became, in 1837, his assistant. So, perhaps we should say that Morse was the inspirer, and Vail the man who brought out their final version. Here are some observations in this regard. > During his voyage home to New York in 1832 on the Sully, Samuel Morse first conceived the idea of the electromagnetic telegraph during his conversations with another passenger, Dr Charles T. Jackson of Boston, a twenty-eight-year-old physician with a Harvard M.D. Below you see the reproduction of some drawings in Morse’s notebook, in which he has noted down during this voyage some of his first ideas about a telegraph machine. He originally devised a cipher code (digits 0…9), similar to that used in existing semaphore line telegraphs, by which words were assigned three- or four-digit numbers and entered into a codebook. The sending operator converted words to these number groups and the receiving operator converted them back to words using this codebook. Morse spent several months compiling this code dictionary. But he later abandoned this scheme and, certainly, with the help of his associate Alfred Vail (or maybe only by Vail?) devised the alphabet, which could be used to spell out messages a letter at a time in dots and dashes. ➢ I would like to add here that Morse’s idea was about a copy of the electro-magnetic signalling apparatus -using a Sturgeon magnet- that, in 1832, Professor Joseph Henry (1797-1878) had actually constructed and operated. Was Morse aware of this?... 2 > The patent (in 1840) of his first telegraph model of 1837 gives the same evidence: > It is said by Morse supporters that Vail, in public and private writings, never claimed the code for himself. According to one researcher, in a February 1838 letter to his father, Judge Stephen Vail, Alfred wrote, "Professor Morse has invented a new plan of an alphabet, and has thrown aside the Dictionaries." In an 1845 book Vail wrote describing Morse's telegraph, he also attributed the code to Morse. > In those early days, Alfred Vail was assisted by a very young skilful mechanic, William Baxter (1824-1904; in 1868 the inventor of the ‘portable Baxter steam engine’). They worked ‘night and day’ closely together. Writing of this period, Baxter said that the code was worked out by Vail (ref. 2-> below). *For more on this topic I can refer you to: 1-> The website of Neal Mc Ewen: http://www.telegraph-office.com/pages/vail.html 2-> An article from F.L. Pope, 1888 ‘THE American Inventors of the Telegraph – With special reference to the services of Alfred Vail’ > https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112059675808&view=1up&seq=938 ➢ At the very end, Pope writes at the end of his article: “If justice be done, the name of Alfred Vail will forever stand associated with that of Samuel F.B. Morse in the history and introduction into public use of the electro-magnetic telegraph” 3 3-> A book of 36 pages by Vail’s son J. Cummings Vail, published in 1914: ‘Early History of the Electric-- Magnetic Telegraph From Letters and Journals of Alfred Vail’ 4-> My article ’ABOUT Samuel MORSE VERSUS Alfred VAIL Reference 2 and 3 argue very much in favour of Vail. 2. A bit about Alfred Vail (1807-1859). Alfred Vail played a very important role in the development of the Morse telegraph. Since he is unknown to many, I take this opportunity to put him here somewhat in the spotlight. He was born in Morristown, New Jersey, where his father, Stephen Vail, was an entrepreneur and industrialist who built the Speedwell Ironworks into one of the most innovative iron works of its time. His brother George was a noted politician. After completing his early schooling, he worked for his father and became a skilled mechanic. But he returned to school and enrolled in the University of the City of New York to study theology in 1832, graduating in 1836. Visiting his alma mater on September 2, 1837, he happened to witness one of Samuel F. B. Morse's early telegraph experiments in the mineralogical cabinet and lecture room of Professor Leonard D. Gale. (This professor became later on heavily involved in the development of Morse’s telegraph). He became fascinated by the technology and negotiated an arrangement with Morse to develop the technology at Speedwell Ironworks That was a great stroke of fortune for Morse. Indeed, Vail brought with him his mechanical expertise, a practical inventiveness, and his father's financial resources. Negotiations resulted in an agreement between Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail, on September 23, 1837. Vail agreed to construct a full set of telegraph equipment at his father's shop and finance the American and foreign patent-application process, in return for a 25% interest in Morse's rights to the telegraph. Alfred split his share with his brother George, and when Morse took on Francis O. J. Smith, a congressman from Maine (then chairman of the House Committee of Commerce), as a partner, he reduced the Vails' share to one- eighth. Morse himself retained patent rights to everything Vail developed. During 1838, Vail helped make many improvements to Morse's original design, including a simple sending key and a much more compact size. He also worked out the final form of the Morse code, and invented a printing telegraph in 1837. By 1838 the partners were demonstrating their perfected telegraph; the superb mechanics of the system were largely Vail's contribution. I would like to add here that Alfred Vail was assisted by a young skilful mechanic, William Baxter (the later inventor of the ‘portable Baxter steam engine). The first successful completion of a transmission with this system was at the Speedwell Iron Works on January 6, 1838, across two miles (3 km) of wiring. The message read "A patient waiter is no loser." Over the next few months Morse and Vail demonstrated the telegraph to Philadelphia's Franklin Institute, members of Congress, and President Martin Van Buren and his cabinet. Demonstrations such as these were crucial to Morse's obtaining a Congressional appropriation of $30,000 to build his first line in 1844 from Washington to Baltimore. Vail remained with Morse for the next four years, publishing ‘The American Electro Magnetic Telegraph in 1845’. He retired to Morristown in 1848, intending to manufacture telegraphic equipment, but his plans were never realized. Since Vail shared a one-eighth interest in Morse's telegraph patents with his brother George, Vail realized far less financial gain from his work on the telegraph than Morse and others. He died in poverty in January 18, 1859. Because the terms of Vail's partnership agreement specified that all patents would be in Morse's name, it is difficult to tell precisely which telegraphic innovations were Vail's invention, and to what extent. ➢ See more on this in my article “ABOUT SAMUEL MORSE VERSUS ALFRED VAIL” 4 3. The American and the International Morse code and… Gerke. In order to increase the efficiency of encoding, Morse code was designed so that the length of each symbol is approximately inverse to the frequency of occurrence in text of the English language character that it represents. For instance, the most common letter in English, the letter ‘E’, has the shortest code: a single dot. * In its original implementation, the Morse code specification included the following, rather complicated, symbols and agreements: 1. short mark or dot 2. longer mark or dash 3. a longer internal gap used in C, O, R, Y, Z and & 4. long dash in the letter L 5. even longer dash in the numeral 0 * Then, as I think he is not well known outside Germany, I have to mention Friedrich GERKE (source: Wikipedia). In the years before Gerke joined the optical and later the electrical telegraph, he worked as a musician in pubs and establishments for sailors on the ‘famous’ Reeperbahn in Hamburg. He also started a career in writing and journalism and published many articles about social life and criticized poor governance. Gerke wrote several books about life in general, nature, and healthcare. After some years he terminated his musical profession because he earned enough money from his writings. From 1838 on he joined the optical telegraph of Johann Ludwig Schmidt, who established a private telegraph line between Hamburg and Cuxhaven. Gerke's first job was to fix any technical problems. This optical telegraph line served as a ship reporting system between Cuxhaven at the Elbe estuary and the some 120 km further upstream located port of Hamburg. In 1842, the year of the 'Great Hamburg Fire', he requested help from neighbouring fire brigades using the optical telegraph. By request of Hamburg Senator Carl Möhring, the Americans William and Charles Robinson demonstrated their electrical Morse telegraph in Germany. Recognizing the great advantages of the new technology, Gerke defected a regular telegraph service on 15 July 1848 between Hamburg and Cuxhaven, which for the first time in Europe used Morse code on landlines.