potissim Bison ED 162868. SE025 368 AUTHOR . Crites, R.; And Others a ,. TITLE Process, Design,Manual forLand Treatment cf 4unicipal Wastewater.. INSTITUTION.INSTITUTION . Metcalf 8 Eddy, Inc., Palo Altok Calif. / SPONS AGENCY Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C.; Department of Agticulture, Wathingten, DX.; Environmental' -/ Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. Office of Technology Trandfer. REPORT NO COE:ER-1110-1-501; .U1-625/1-77-008 PUB DATE Oct 77. NOTE ' 598P.; For telated documents, see SE 025 369 3 Contains occasional light and saall, type EDRS PRICE. BF-Si:1C HC- $31.47 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS'" !:=1:7:(;) llt.it11:Irillc:glte:::2124111144iandi ucati:t; Use;I-/ ScienceEducation;Utilities; *Waste Dispos Oter Pollution Control; *Water Resources IDEITIFTERS LandApplication; *Waste Water Treatment ABSTRACT This manual presents a procedure for the desig of land treatment systems. Slow rate, rapid inf4ltration, a Z overland flow processes for the treatment of municipal wastewaters are/given emphasid. The basic unit operations and unit processes are discussed in detail, and the design concepts and criteria are predented. The manual includes design examples ad' well as actual case/study' descriptions of operational systems. Information on and field investigations'is presentedoalorg with the pxoce s design criteria for both large and small scale systems. (Author/BB) ---- *********************************4*************************4*********** * Reproductions supplied by RIM are the, best that can be made * from the original document. * * *******************t**************************************************,* U.A. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION £ WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS .DOCUMENT HAS BEEN .REPRO. DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM EPA'625/1777-008 THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN AyING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS (COE EM1110.-1-501) STATED DO NC% NECESSARILY REPRE- SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY.. PROCESS.DESIGN MANUAL FOR LAND TREATMENT OP. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER U.S. ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION AGENC14 ErildronmentalResearch information Cent :Technology Transfer , Office of Water Program Operations U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS U.S. DEPARTMENTOF AGRICULTURE r October P ACKNOWLEDGMENT ./ Therewere three groups ofparticipantOnvolved in the preparation of interagency workgroup, thismanual: (1) the contractor-author(is, (2) an c The fnteragency and (3) the group of experts and ip4ited reviewers. the work. of the workgroupdefinedthe 'scope -of the effort, guided / contractor, and was responsiblefor manual review..' The:membership of each group is listed below. CONTRACTOR: Metcalf &' Eddy, Inc., Palo Alto,Califo'rnia Supervision: C. Pound, Vice Preside? Senior Author: R. Crites\ Project Manager Griffes, J. ,Olson,j. Powers;, R. Shedden, . Staff Authors: J. EsmaY, Smith, A. Uiga Consultant Authors: Or. F. Broadbent,Uniyersity of California, Davis Dr. P. Pratt,University of California, Riverside Dr. A. Wallace, University ofIdaho Dr. J. Melnick, Dr. C.(Gerba, Dr. S. Goyal, Baylor University Dr. R. Burau, University ofC'alifornia, Davis:_t , . EXPERTS AND INVITED REVIEWERS , INTERAGENCY WORKGROUP H. Bouwer, Director, WCL,WCL, Chairmen: B. Seabrook, OWPO,EPA USDA/ARS- 4 , fit Urban, COE' 1 Dr. C. Lance, ARS, USDA Deputy Chairmen: R. Bastian, OWPO, EPA Dr. R. Loehr, Cornell S. Reed, CRREL, COE Uni4ersity Project Officer: Dr. J.E.-Smith, Jr., Dr. W. Jewell, Cornell ERIC, EPA University Dr. T. Hinesly, University Members: W. Whittington,,OWPO, EPA of Illinois R. Thomas, RSKERL, EPA Dr. M. Kirkham, Oklahoma R. Dean, Region VIII, EPA State University H. Thacker, OALWU, ,EPA' Dr. E. Lennette, C. Rose, FHA, USDA California Health Department G. Loomis, USDA E. Sepp, California Health R. ,Duesterhaus, USDA Department' Dr. J. Parr, ARS, USDA Lt.. Col. V. Ciccone, USAMD Dr. P. Hunt, ARS, USDA Capt. J. Glennon, USAMD- Dr. W. Larson, ARS, USDA. H. Pahren, HERL, EPA Col. T. Bishop, COE Dr: C. Enfield, RSKEL', EPA D. Knudson,COE Dr. L. Carpenter, M.D., Former Dr. H. McKim, CRREL, COE, Diredtor, Oklahoma State. Health Department R. Slettep; A. -Palazzo; J;Bouzon; CRREL, COE Dr. R. Lee, USAE, WES,.COE R. Madancy, OWRT, USDI J. Dyer, OWRT, USDI J40 8744. I IIIIII 0 M===.1M 111111 1M, O. IM 44 PRCO Wastewatertreatment is a problem that has plagued man. ever since he discovered that. discharging his wastes into surface.yaters can lead to many.additionalfnvironmental problems.! Today, a wide.variety of treatment technologies are available for use in our efforts to restore and maintain the chemipal,'physical, and biological integrity of the nationIS Waters. , Land treatment systems involve the use of plants andAhe sd1-. to remove.previoUsly unwanted, contaminants from wastewaters.-Lana treatment is capable 'of achieving removal levels comparable to the best,available.. advanced wastewater treatment technologies while achieVing additional benefits. The recovery and beneficial reuse of wastewater and its . nutrient resources through crop production, as well as wastewater treatment and reclamatibn, alloW land treatment systems to accomplish far More than conventional treatment and discharge alternatives. 'Becau.S.e they contribute to the reclamation and ,recycling requirements - of P.L.. 92 -500, land treatment proceS'ses should,be preferentially considered as alternative wastewater management technology.' While it is recognized that ac ce.s not universal, the \utilization of land treatment Systems has the potential for savin billions-Of dollars..This will benefit not only the'nationwide water-:-PoiiUtiOn-control.program,'but will also provide'an additiOnal mechanism-for the recovery and recyclilg of wastewater as a resource.. This manual was:jbintly sponsored by\the U.S. Environmental Pro- teCtion Agency and the U.S..ArMy'Corps of Engineers, whidh in.turn drew upon the best talent available in the scientific fields involVed, including that, of the U.S. Department of AgricultUre. It is hoped that the manual will help provide a breakthrough, between the research and demonstration phases. and full implementation'Of land treatment processes' for treating wastewater while recovering and recycling wastewater .nutrients in a benp-ricial manner.. The outputs from-many.hours of eff6rt spent, on refining the land. Treatment processes, by the Research and Development arms,:of both agencies have been blended into this practical design manual on land treatment processes. Without the dedicated efforts of' the many indiVidualsinvolved, the potential role of land treatment may never be realized. / ti 444L- Thomas C.': Jor ng Ernest,Graves Assistant A niStrat Major General, USA Offide of Water and Hazardous Materials Deputy Chiefof Engineers ABSTRACT . I . _, . , This manual presents 1a rational 'procedure for', the designof land treatment systems. Stow rate, 'rapid infiltration, and overland flow processes for the treatment of municipalwastewaters, are.given emphasis. The basic unit operations and unit processesare discussed in detail, and the, design concepts andcriterla are peesented. ,. i Themanual :includesdesign examples as well as actual case study descri))tions of operational systems. Information on' planning and field investigations is presented along with the process designcriteria for both large"and small scalesystems. - CONTENTS ,;. Pa§e 'ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABSTRACT '.'CONTENTS i v viii -FIGURES TAKES :, 'FOREWORD.: xfiii.' INTRODUCTION °-1.11 Background 'hnd Purpose 1..2' Objettives '1:3 Scope of the. Manual, / 1..,4 Guide to Intended .Use References , 1:5 ".. 7 TREAT M ENT PROCESS CAPABITES AND, OBJECTIVES . ;2: "In ro8uction 4 2.2 lbwRate' 151'oces:sy' 22L/1'11 2.3 Rapid Infiltration '279 2-11 - 2.4 Overland Flow 2.5 Other ProcesseS 2-14 - 2.6 References 271.9 , , TECHNICAL PLANNING ,'AND FEASIBILITY: ASSESSMENT 3-1 - 3.1 PurPose and. Scop 3. ZApproachtoDev 1 opment -'of Alternatives ::3:2. s. 374 '3:3 Evaluation of Unit PrOcsses - ° 3-12 3.4 WastewaWastewater ity 3 -15 1nalanal,1 ,Site haraCtCe'risties ,.,..'3.5 3.6, -Other PlanninigConsiderations .3-:31 3744. -3.7 Evdluatton of Alternative Systems i , 3-57 -.3.8 R'efe rences , . I FIELD' INVESTIGATIONS 4-1 4.1 Intiroduc i on 4-2 4: 2 Wasewa r Characteristics 43 Soil Ph s i cal and Hydraul icPropeftie 472 4.4Soil C i emical Properties 4,:,2 tther/Efel d Investigations 4'4 '4. 5 , 4..6 References 4-9° v1' CONTENTS (Co.Ainued) Chakter Page. PROC'ESSWSIGN 5.i' LarTd Treatment Process Design 5-1 5.2 Preappl catiOn Treatment - storage 5-26 - '6.4 5-30 Di:s,tributton 5 -38 Mahagethent enqvated Water 5.6 ,;,VeAetatton 5-70, 'SYstem Monitdrin 5-77' 5-94 s 5.3 'Fac es uidance 5-99. 5,9 Re fev,.enc es 5-102 $1vIALL SYSTEMS 47 . , r 6-.I'General Considerations 6.2 Design ProcedOres . 6.3 Facilities Desigh ,'6'.. Skriarl Syste5 reSign 6... Referencesit, ,,,, . d 1 el , CASEzSTUDIE,S; '7.1 Introduction 7-1 7.2 Pleasanton, California 7.3 .Walla Walla, WashIngfron. 7.4 Bakertfield, California- .17-10 7.5 San' 7-18. Angel odieitas -7-26 7.6 MUskegon, ichigan 7.7 St. 'Charles ;Maryland 7.8 Phoenix, Arizona 7.9 77:4441 Lake George?, 'New York '7,53 7.10Fort Devens ,-Massachus9tts ,7,760 7.11-Patas Val ley, -.Oklahoma 7-67 7.12. Paris, Texas. `- 7.13Other' Case ttudies r 7=71. 7 44 References 7 -76 DESIGN EXAMPLE $.1 IktrodUctfori 8.2 43-) ..Statement ,of Problem 8-1 8..3 Design Data . '8.4-Process Alternatives 3 8-.1 8.5' , Prelimirrary PerformanceEstipate: '8 -12 8'.6 Cost Compartsory.. 8-15' 8.7 Process, Des 8.$ 8-16 References .8-25 - CONTENTS,Continded). Appendix, A