About the Author Moustafa Gadalla was born in Cairo, Egypt in 1944. He gradu- ated from Cairo University with a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering in 1967. He immigrated to the U.S.A. in 1971 to practice as a licensed professional engineer and land surveyor. From his early childhood, Gadalla pursued his Ancient Egyp- tian roots with passion, through continuous study and research. Since 1990, he has dedicated and concentrated all his time to re- searching the Ancient Egyptian civilization. As an independent Egyptologist, he spends a part of every year visiting and studying sites of antiquities. Gadalla is the author of ten internationally acclaimed books. He is the chairman of the Tehuti Research Foundation—an interna- tional, U.S.-based, non-profit organization, dedicated to Ancient Egyptian studies. Other Books By The Author [See details on pages 352-356] Egyptian Cosmology: The Animated Universe - 2nd ed. Egyptian Divinities: The All Who Are THE ONE Egyptian Harmony: The Visual Music Egyptian Mystics: Seekers of the Way Egyptian Rhythm: The Heavenly Melodies Exiled Egyptians: The Heart of Africa Pyramid Handbook - 2nd ed. Tut-Ankh-Amen: The Living Image of the Lord Egypt: A Practical Guide Testimonials of the First Edition: Historical Deception gives an excellent overview of all things Egyptian. The style of writing makes for an easy read by the non- Egyptologists amongst us. Covering a wide variety of topics from the people, language, religion, architecture, science and technol- ogy it aims to dispel various myths surrounding the Ancient Egyp- tians. If you want a much better understanding of Ancient Egypt, then you won’t be disappointed be with the straight forward, no-non- sense approach to information given in Historical Deception. - Matt Whitby, Internet Book Shop, UK, March, 1998 Gadalla uses his knowledge to explain in simple terms the Egyp- tian religion, culture, social life, the true role of the Pharaohs, ar- chitecture, metallurgy, science and mathematics, their accurate cal- endar, and many other facets of their culture. ...Again, all of his claims are supported by well-crafted reasoning and evidence. ...Gadalla combined Bible facts and Egyptian history to give a broader interpretation of Biblical events... - Saxton Book Reviews - 10/96 - Jon Baughman Historical Deception is a much needed correction to a great deal of historical distortion, suppression and denial. Historical Decep- tion is a lively, engaging, stimulating, provocative reading, easy to read and difficult to put down. - Midwest Book Review - 11/96 - Jim Cox ...Rather than accepting the prima facia truth of the Bible and the Jewish records, he has allowed history to speak for itself through physical evidence, historical documents and primary materials. His discoveries are hence fascinating and challenging. He has used Egypt to understand Egypt and by extension to re-evaluate the truth about early Biblical history...Gadalla's works are numerous and do not simply focus on the Bible...He uses primary sources, hiero- glyphics and documents but does not ignore modern scholarship, both conventional and alternative...In his four published works he destroys many sacred cows, but also answers so many of the diffi- cult questions that Egyptology ignores. - The Independent Review - 1/98 - Armidale, Australia Last updated: May, 2003 Historical Deception The Untold Story Of Ancient Egypt Second Edition, Revised Moustafa Gadalla Maa Kheru (True of Voice) Tehuti Research Foundation International Head Office: Greensboro, NC, U.S.A. HISTORICAL DECEPTION The Untold Story of Ancient Egypt, 2nd Edition by MOUSTAFA GADALLA Published by: Tehuti Research Foundation P.O. Box 39406 Greensboro, NC 27438-9406, U.S.A. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recorded or by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the author, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Copyright © 1996, 1999, and 2003 by Moustafa Gadalla, All rights reserved. First published in paperback in 1996 eBook format published in 2003 Publisher’s Cataloging-in-Publication (Provided by Quality Books, Inc.) Gadalla, Moustafa, 1944- Historical deception : the untold story of ancient Egypt / Moustafa Gadalla. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. LCCN: 99-70764 ISBN: 1-931446-09-1 (e-Book) ISBN: 0-9652509-2-X (pbk.) 1. Egypt--Civilization--To 332 B.C. 2. Egypt--Antiquities. 3. Egypt in the Bible. 4. Civilization, Western--Egyptian influ- ences. 5. Egypt--Religion. 6. Pharaohs. I. Title. DT61.G26 1999 932 QBI99-489 Table of Contents Preface 11 Standards and Terminology 13 Map of Egypt 15 Part I. General Backgrounds 1 The Land and People 19 The Archaic Period - The Population - General Characteristics of the People 2 Languages, Now and Then 23 Languages Now - The Rosetta Stone - Academic Consensus of the Ancient Egyptian Language - In- terpreting the Egyptian Language - Hieroglyphic Script - Demotic (and Hieratic) Script - The “Coptic” Hybrid Language/Script - The Phoenician Language Part II. Theological Beliefs 3 The Egyptian Religion 33 Cosmic Consciousness - The Neteru - Animal Wor- ship - Symbolism and Neteru - Creation of the Uni- verse - Creation of Man and His Role - The Sacred Texts- The Afterlife 4 Neteru, the Angels of God 43 General - The Triads of Ancient Egypt 5 Ra - The Creative Force 45 The One Joined Together - The Eye of Ra (Uatchet) PB Historical Deception: The Untold Story of Ancient Egypt - The Litany of Ra 6 Amen - The Hidden One 47 General - The Age of Aries - Mut, The Holy Mother - Festivals 7 Khnum - The Molder 51 8 Ausar (Osiris) - The Holy Spirit 53 Ausar (Osiris) The Divine Man - The Allegory of Ausar (Osiris) and his Family - Temple of Ausar 9 Auset (Isis) - The Virgin Mother 59 The Virgin Mother - Divine Love 10 Heru (Horus) - The Highest 63 The Highest (Number 10) - The Disciples (“Sons”/ apprentices) of Heru (Horus) 11 Set - The Power of Opposition 65 General - Satan and The Bible - Jehovah and Sa- tan - Satan and the Garden of Eden Part III. The Pharaohs and The Holy Shrines 12 The Pharaoh, The Master Servant 71 The Master Servant - The Divine (Virgin) Birth - The Power Behind the Throne - Their Training - Coro- nation - The Anointed King (Messiah) - Regulating the Monarchs - When the King Dies - The Heb-Sed Festival (Time of Renewal) -Several Titles and Sev- eral Names - At War 13 The First Pharaoh of Egypt 81 Menes Is Not It - Pre-Dynastic Egypt - Dynastic An- Table of Contents 7 cient Egypt 14 The Animated Numbers 85 General - Some Numbers and Their Significance 15 Temples 89 The Function/Objective of the Temple - Layout of the Temples - Symbolism on the Walls - Temple Or- ganization - Temple Rituals 16 Monument Appropriation 95 General - The Case of Ramses II - Twthomosis I’s Obelisk - The Case of Twthomosis III and Hatshepsut 17 Tombs 99 General - Viewing the Tombs - Funerary Rites - The Mummification 18 The Pyramids of Egypt 107 The Common Theory - How Many Pyramids Are There? - Were the Pyramids Tombs? - The Giza Plateau - The Physical Evidence Inside Khufu’s Pyramid - What Are the So-Called “Pyramid Texts”? - How About the Only Pyramid as a Tomb? - How Were They Built? - What is Pyramid Power? 19 The Sphinx - Older Than History 121 General - The Physical Evidence - The Corrobora- tive Evidence Part IV. Ancient Egypt and the Bible 20 The History of the Bible 131 General - Sources of the Old Testament - The He- brew Text of the Bible - The Greek Text of the Bible - The Biblical Ancient Egyptian/Israelites Encoun- PB Historical Deception: The Untold Story of Ancient Egypt ters - The Names of God in the Old Testament - Barren Women and Miracles - Meaning of Key Words - Piecing the Puzzle 21 Abraham and Sarah 143 General - Isaac’s Father - A Special Son - Glos- sary of Interesting Names/Words 22 Twt Homis III and David 147 The Name - Biblical Account - Historical Analysis of the Biblical Account - Twthomosis III as a Youth - The Biblical Warrior King - The Egyptian Warrior King - David and Abraham 23 Old Jerusalem, City of Peace 159 The Holy Place - The Names of Jerusalem - Other Cities Called Qadesh 24 Joseph, Father of a Pharaoh 165 Joseph in the Bible - The Egyptian Historical Ac- count - The Time of Joseph - Joseph and Yuya - Joseph and His Adopted Land 25 Amenhotep III and Solomon 175 General - Biblical Solomon - Coronation of the King The King’s Egyptian Wife - The King and Foreign Wives - Troubles in the Empire - The Government - Bureaucracy - The Great Builder - The Wisdom of The King - The King and Foreign Gods - Different Eras 26 Akhenaton and Moses 187 General - Sigmund Freud Research - Childhood - The Name “Moses” - Brother Aaron - Aten/Aton Worship - The Ruler - Akhenaton’s Vizier - Nefertiti The Beloved - Akhenaton’s Capital City Akhetaten (Amarna) Amarna Letters - The Aftermath - The Exile - The Tomb of Akhenaton 27 Twt Ankh Amen and Jesus 205 General - His Birth - The Three Wise Men - His Table of Contents 9 Father - His Mother - His Names - His Wife - The King His Death - Nazarenes - Essenes - Cover-Up 28 Easter and Ancient Egypt 227 29 The Exodus: the Bitter Divorce 229 General - Pharaoh of Oppression - Pharaoh Who Knew Not Joseph - Preparation For the Face-Off - The Site of the Face-Off - The Face-Off - Exodus - The Shasu and the Israelites - The Death of Moses 30 Ancient Egypt and Biblical Similarities 239 31 The Israel Stela 243 Part V. 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