APPEARANCES IN THE AP CURRICULUM: ! The expansion of empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks o REQUIRED EXAMPLE: BYZANTINE EMPIRE ! Spread of Languages: TURKIC ! Spread of Diseases: BLACK DEATH ! Following the collapse of empires, most reconstituted governments, including the Byzantine Empire combined traditional sources of power and legitimacy with innovations better suited to the current circumstances. ! Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers. o REQUIRED EXAMPLE: THE CRUSADES ! Free Peasant Revolts: BYZANTINE EMPIRE 565 - BYZANTINE EMPEROR FOR 38 YEARS 330 CE 526 CE 1054 1204 WHO ATTEMPTED TO REUNITE THE th ROMAN EMPEROR REIGN OF GREAT SCHISM: 4 CRUSADE ROMAN EMPIRE & WROTE JUST. CODE 482 CONSTANTINE JUSTINIAN BEGINS THE EAST & WEST ARRIVES IN FOUNDS NEW CHRISTIAN CONSTANTINOPLE CAPITAL: CHURCHES & CAPTURES THE BYZANTIUM SEPERATE CITY… 548 - EMPRESS/WIFE OF JUSTINIAN WHO BECAME THE MOST POWERFUL WOMAN IN BYZANTINE HISTORY 500 476 CE 532 CE 1095 1453 ROMAN POPE LEO IX & CONSTANTINE. WESTERN ROMAN CONSTRUCTION BYZANTINE CONSTANTINOPLE EMPIRE FALLS TO OF HAGIA SOPHIA EMPEROR FALLS TO THE PATRIARCH MICHAEL I WHO GERMANIC ALEXIUS APPEALS OTTOMAN TURKS. EXCOMMUNICATED EACH OTHER CAUSING THE GREAT SCHISM INVADERS LEAVING TO THE WEST FOR BYZANTINE THE EASTERN HALF: HELP. FIRST EMPIRE IS DONE. BYZANTINE EMPIRE CRUSADE BEGINS 1481 - OTTOMAN SULTAN WHO CONQUERED THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AT THE BATTLE OF CONSTANTINOPE IN 1453 1432 ! CAME TO POWER IN 527 CE (NEPHEW OF THREE THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT JUSTINIAN: LAST EMPEROR) ! 1. HE CODIFIED ROMAN LAW (CODE of JUSTINIAN) ! SENT ARMIES TO BEGIN RECLAIMING THE o INHERITED THE BULK OF ROMAN LAWS FROM THE WEST WESTERN EMPIRE o SENATE, ASSEMBLIES, PRAETORS, COMMENTARIES, ETC. o COSTLY & ONLY TEMPORARILY o BASIS OF LEGAL CODES IN EUROPE FOR CENTURIES SUCCESSFUL ! LAST MAJOR LEGAL DOCUMENT WRITTEN IN LATIN 3 YEARS AFTER HIS DEATH, LOMBARDS o ! 2. HE MARRIED THEODORA TOOK ITALY o “ACTRESS”… ! PEAK OF BYZANTINE POWER, INFLUENCE, o HAD TO CHANGE LAWS TO MAKE MARRIAGE LEGAL & GEOGRAPHY o KEPT JUST. FROM FLEEING DURING THE NIKA REVOLTS ! 3. HE BUILT SOME OF BYZ.’s MOST FAMOUS STRUCTURES o REBUILT THE CITY AFTER THE RIOTS (SEE NEXT PAGE) HUGE DEFENSIVE WALL SYSTEM (They’re gonna need it) o o BUILT ROADS, BRIDGES, BATHS, COURTS, RESEVOIRS ! FINISHED IN 537 CE o HIPPODROME: “HORSE PATH”; CIRCUS of CONSTANTINOP ! “HOLY WISDOM” o AND THIS… ! FAMOUS FOR ITS DOME o APPEARS TO BE FLOATING IN PLACE ! EARTH’s LARGEST CATHEDRAL th FOR 1,000 YEARS! (TODAY=20 ) ! MEHMET II CONVERTED IT INTO A MOSQUE (MINARETS) ! PATRIARCH MICHAEL WAS EXCOMMUNICATED HERE ! ! PROBLEMS JUSTINIAN LEFT BEHIND: ! LATIN FELL OUT OF FAVOR o 1. JUSTINIAN’s PLAGUE o GREEK BECAME THE LINGUA FRANCA ! BUBONIC PLAGUE THAT o (see JUSTINIAN’s CODE) ! USE OF ICONS IN RELIGIOUS SERVICES RETURNED EVERY GENERATION FOR 200 YEARS o ! WORLDWIDE PLAGUE (25 Mill) ! FROM CHINA TO IRELAND ! JUSTINIAN CAUGHT PLAGUE ! USE/# OF ICONS INCREASED • SURVIVED ! ACCUSED OF IDOL WORSHIP o 2. LACK OF $$$$$$$$$$ o LED TO ICONOCLASM CONTROVERSY" ! CLAIMED FOR ILLITERATE ! B ANKRUPTED THE EMPIRE ! LED TO ICONOCLASM- ! BUILDINGS, WARS, etc. ! THE BYZANTINE EMPEROR o DESTRUCTION OF ICONS ! HAS ALSO HAPPENED IN o ABSOLUTE RULER o 3. RENEWED THREATS ABROAD th HEAVILY REGULATED THE ECONOMY OTHER RELIGIONS (8 Cent.) ! PERSIANS, SLAVS, ARABS, etc. o o VERY STRONG BUREAUCRACY ! BIGGEST CHALLENGE: ARAB EMPIRE ! (adj)-excessively complicated, typically involving a great deal of administrative o Also, SLAVS, & PERSIANS detail. ! EAST=CONSTAN. & PATRIARCH ! Arabs conquered: ! WEST=ROME & POPE ! INTENSE TRAINING PROGRAM • PERSIAN EMPIRE ! POPE CLAIMED TO BE #1 • CIVIL/RELIGIOUS/MILITARY • SYRIA, PALESTINE, North AFRICA ! SEE CIVIL SERVICE EXAM IN CHINA ! WEST & EAST GREW APART ! ATTEMPTED TO TAKE CONSTAN. o APPOINTED PATRIARCH o IN BELIEFS/IDEAS/GEOG. • FAILED ! EMPEROR RAN CHURCH & STATE ! PAPAL ENVOY WENT TO BYZ BYZ USED GREEK FIRE (BELOW) o EXCOMMUNICATED THE PAT. • PAT. EXCOMMUNICATED THE POPE ! TO THE NORTH: BULGARs ! TRADE IN CONSTANTINOPLE o KEY TRADING CITY BETWEEN WEST/EAST ! SPLIT CONTINUES TO THIS DAY (1054 CE) o TOOK LAND ALONG THE DANUBE R. o o CARRIED OUT BY FOREIGN MERCHANTS ! BYZ IN A CONSTANT STATE OF WAR o SMUGGLED SILK WORMS FROM CHINA o LED TO A MILITARIZED STATE ! BEGAN STATE SILK INDUSTRY ! CITY’s MOST LUCRATIVE PRODUCT GREEK FIRE BULGARS ! AFTER THE ABBASIDS BEGAN TO LOSE POWER o OTHER ISLAMIC GROUPS RIVALED THE BYZ. ! THE FATAMIDS ARABS o BROKE AWAY FROM ABBASID EMPIRE o TOOK CONTROL OF EGYPT (CAIRO) o HIRED MERCENARIES FOR MILITARY o INCLUDED SELJUK TURKS BYZANTINE EMPIRE in 712 CE ! CONVERTED TO ISLAM ! CAPTURED BAGHDAD & REST OF EMPIRE ! DEFEATED BYZ @ MANZIKERT (1071) ! OTTOMAN TURKS SPREAD QUICKLY FROM NORTHEAST ANATOLIA IN THE 13th (1096-1272 CE) CENTURY (TOOK SELJUK & BYZ LAND) ! EMPEROR ALEXIUS TURNED ! BYZANTINE EMPIRE WAS REDUCED TO THE CITY OF CONSTANTINOPLE TO THE WEST FOR HELP AND IT WAS SURROUNDED BY OTTOM. ! TURKS HAD HUGE CANNON USED BY THE TURKS ON THE CITY WALLS. THE TURKS o BEGUN TO ACTUALLY DUSTED THIS GUN OFF TO FIGHT OFF THE BRITISH IN 1807. ! 19 YEAR OLD MEHMET II ATTACKED THEY LOST. OCCUPY o 80,000 TROOPS ATTACKED THE WALL ANATOLIA o VENICE OFFERED AID. TOO LITTLE. ! NOW, BYZ HAD TO TOO LATE DEAL WITH TURKS & ! EMPEROR CONSTANTINE XI ORDERED A HUGE CHAIN ACROSS THE HARBOR TO THE WEST IN THEIR TERRITORY STOP THE OTTOMAN SHIPS ! LATER LED TO THE EXPULSION o OTTOMANS DRAGGED THEIR SHIPS OF THE VENETIANS IN 1171 ASHORE, PAST THE CHAINS, & BACK ! VENETIANS RETURNED FOR INTO THE WATER THE 4th CRUSADE (TOOK CITY) ! BYPASSING THE CHAIN ! OTTOMANS HAD SUPERIOR FIRE POWER (SEE ABOVE) ! 60 OXEN TO DRAG THAT CANNON! o CITY WALLS BREACHED o EMPEROR KILLED FIRST ! MEHMET RODE INTO THE HAGIA SOPHIA o ORDERED IT CONVERTED TO A ! NIKA RIOTS (532 CE) MOSQUE… THE END. o WEEKLONG REVOLT IN CONSTANTIN. o RIOT AMONGS CHARIOT RACE FANS ! BLUES v. GREENS & • (JUSTINIAN WAS A BLUE) th ! SIMILAR TO SOCCER HOOLIGANS ! 9 CENTURY GREEK BROTHERS (MISSIONARIES) “APOSTLES OF THE SLAVS” • BUT WITH MORE POLITICAL, o RELIGIOUS ACTIVITY ! BORN TO A BYZANTINE MILITARY LEADER ! TRAVELED EASTERN EUROPE CONVERTING PEOPLE TO BECAME POLITICAL CLUBS • ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY o TWO FANS WERE ACCUSED OF ! MORAVIAN (CZECH/SLOVENIA) KING ASKED THE PATRIARCH MURDER.. LED TO RIOTING FOR MISSIONARIES TO EVANGELIZE HIS PEOPLE o SO BAD, JUST. NEARLY FLED THE CITY o CYRIL & METHODIUS WERE SENT o THEODORA CONVICED HIM TO RETURN ! TRANSLATED THE BIBLE INTO THE SLAVIC LANGUAGES o 30k RIOTERS EXECUTED BY JUSTINIAN ! CREATED A WRITTEN LANGUAGE (CYRILLIC ALPHABET) ! BASIL THE COPPER HAND STILL USED IN THE REGION TODAY o SEE NEW LABOR MGMT. HANDOUT ! EVEN WROTE A LAW (CIVIL) CODE! .