Dublin Gastronomy Symposium 2016 – Food and Revolution La Cucina Futurista: A Call to Culinary Revolution, an Artwork, or the Death Throes of Futurism? Adrian Bregazzi The Manifesto of Futurist Cooking, Il Manifesto della a sinister note: the fascist obsession with nationalism and Cucina Futurista, was published in Turin’s Gazzetta del patriotism, the war to come.’ (David 1963, p.94) Popolo on 28th December 1930 (Berghaus 2006, pp.394- But firstly, we must have some historical contexts - we 399). This is perhaps best known for demanding the must look at Futurism and Italian Fascism. ‘abolition of pastasciutta, an absurd Italian gastronomic religion.’ (pastasciutta is dried pasta): Futurism [Pastasciutta] induces sluggishness, depression, inertia brought on by nostalgia, and neutralism. Incipient Futurism reviled Italy’s wallowing in the artistic and cultural glory of the country’s past (the likes of the Pastasciutta, 40% less nutritious than meat, fish or southern Renaissance; Boccaccio and Dante; the Roman pulses, ties today’s Italians with its tangled threads Empire); its ignoring the rapid technical advances of the to Penelope’s slow looms and to somnolent old early 20th-century (particularly developing material sailing ships in search of wind technologies, speed and new methods of transport, and The apologists for pastasciutta carry its leaden ball, developments in telephony, radio communication and its ruins, in their stomachs, like prisoners serving a film); and politically, it scorned what it saw as the country’s life sentence, or archaeologists. (ibid, pp.394-399) failure to develop since the Risorgimento (the 19th-century unification of Italy was completed in 1871). Full-speed ahead, the Futurists opened the Taverna del The Manifesto of Futurism, originally Il Manifesto del Santopalato (the Holy Palate Tavern) in Turin in March Futurismo, was written by the Italian poet/impresario, 1931, swiftly followed by Futurist banquets in Italy and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and first widely published in France. And putting flesh on these aspirational bones, Italy in the Gazzetta di Emilia in Bologna on 5th February dinners and formulae (recipes) appeared in La cucina 1909 (Berghaus 2006, p.17); and first published futurista published in Milan in 1932 (Chamberlain 1989). internationally (in French, and subsequently translated While the Manifesto’s railing against pasta could make into English, German, Russian, Spanish, and other political sense given Benito Mussolini’s Battle for Grain, languages) in the prestigious Paris newspaper Le Figaro, on coupled with the drive to develop domestic rice growing 20th February 1909 (Marinetti, 1909). – Futurists had been great supporters of Italian fascism and Le Figaro carried an editorial warning to its readers, ‘Mr Mussolini – the shock doctrine proffered no practical Marinetti […] a hot-blooded talent known throughout the alternatives in either banquets, dinners, nor recipes. Instead Latin countries by virtue of his resounding public it flew off on extraordinary but typically confrontational appearances […] is solely responsible for the ideas [expressed Futurist tangents including chicken with ball-bearings, and in the manifesto], which are singularly audacious and aerofood (black olives, fennel hearts, kumquats – with exaggerated to the point of being unjust to certain sandpaper, silk, and velvet). The taverna and subsequent eminently respectable and – luckily – generally respected banquets featured equally bizarre concoctions in Futurist matters’ (Berghaus 2006, p.427). Even with hindsight and environments, along with mechanical and recorded sounds, given the deliberate shock tactics, this may seem a somewhat poetry, light, scents, and live fowl - early performance art – muted advisory given some of the content. The manifesto’s and all in direct conflict with the fascist regime’s diktat for eleven theses form a militarist, totalitarian, misogynist, discipline, and nationalist and aesthetic conservatism. technophilic declamation introducing a fiercely And food-wise this must be seen in the context of nationalistic, iconoclastic and aggressive ideal that fully national and international economic depression; the anticipates Italian Fascism by years: famine affecting more than half the population; the medieval lives of agricultural workers; and, referencing 1. We want to sing about the love of danger, about grain, the urban poor majority couldn’t afford flour, while the use of energy and recklessness as common, daily the wheat-growing landed working classes had no choice. practice. Elisabeth David pithily observed, ‘Marinetti’s bombshell 5. We wish to sing the praises of the man behind contained a good deal of common sense; diet and methods the steering wheel [of a racing car] whose sleek shaft of cookery must necessarily evolve at the same time as other traverses the Earth… habits and customs. But behind this amiable fooling lurked La Cucina Futurista: A Call to Culinary Revolution, an Artwork, or the Death Throes of Futurism? 2 7. There is no longer any beauty except the struggle. motorcar, which seems to race on like machine-gun fire, is Any work of art that lacks a sense of aggression more beautiful than the Winged Victory of Samothrace’ cannot be a masterpiece… (Berghaus 2006, p.13); and, ‘Penelope’s slow looms’ in the manifesto (ibid, p.396). It evinces the paradox that all 9. We wish to glorify war – the sole cleanser of the avant-gardes must have histories, traditions, and world – militarism, patriotism, the destructive act mainstream practices from which they can advance but of the libertarian, beautiful ideas worth dying for, whose materials they must still use. And it is something and scorn for women. that we will see repeated in La cucina futurista. 10. We wish to destroy museums, libraries, Futurism started as a literary medium, but soon academies of any sort, and fight against moralism, embraced many of the visual arts; dance, music, and feminism, and every form of materialistic, self- theatre; architecture, interior and urban design; and serving cowardice. (Berghaus 2006, pp.13-14) eventually, after 20 years of occasional interest in food, La . And in spite of the rhetoric of the first And from the perspective of an art work, this should be cucina futurista manifesto, it was not an exclusive ‘ism in the same way as seen in the context of Marinetti’s own innovative and Cubism inherently determined the concerns of its artists confrontational performances, moreover, the history of the – one merely wanted to be part of a more abstractly Paris avant-garde which had vigorously challenged public future-oriented art practice that ‘sought nothing less than opinion since the gaze of Édouard Manet’s naked Olympia to revolutionise life and society in all their diverse aspects: of 1863; Gustave Courbet’s uncompromising full-frontal moral, artistic, cultural, social, economic, and political’ female genitalia L’Origine du Monde of 1866; Paul (Berghaus 2001, p.3) – and as such, Futurism was non- Bilhaud’s wholly monochrome, Combat de nègres dans une elitist and ironically singularly democratic (Salaris 2014, cave pendant la nuit of 1882 (a black canvas); and Eugène p22). The one area of art practice that it could be said that Bataille’s Le Rire of 1883 (an image of the Mona Lisa it did originate, though having a firm base in the rallying smoking a pipe puffing smoke-rings); and had continued political manifestos of the 19th-century – the art throughout the Belle Époque when Paris was ‘still the manifesto, or art as language – is often overlooked; indeed, ‘capital of culture’, the city to which artists of all kinds, in art as language did not reappear until the its inclusion in all countries of Europe, looked for leadership…’ the Conceptual Art of the late 1960s, as an oxymoronic (Cottington 2012, p.600). second-time avant-garde. Marinetti continues his railing, ‘It is from Italy that we Critically, and throughout its history, Futurism was hurl at the whole world this utterly violent, inflammatory effectively divided into two wings – Marinetti’s manifesto of ours, […] because we wish to free our country of confrontation politics and his need always to be in the the stinking canker of its professors, archaeologists, tour vanguard, and the hugely successful European ‘modernist’ guides, and antiquarians.’ And, ‘Set fire to the library design that fell under Futurism’s technophilic umbrella. shelves!… Divert the canals so they can flood the museums!… […] Grab your picks and your axes and your hammers and then demolish, pitilessly demolish, all venerated cities!’ Fascism (Berghaus 2006, p.15) Hidden beneath his rambling vitriol is Marinetti’s Italian Fascism, in the form of a single coordinated fundamental plea to free Italy from its glorious and divided political entity, the National Fascist Party (Partito past and to move the whole country forward to create a Nazionale Fascista PNF), was founded in 1921 by Benito proud and contemporaneously glorious nation. This was Mussolini, and based on the more devolved Italian Fasci of made clear in the Second Futurist Political Manifesto, Combat (Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, FIC), and the published at the outset of the Libyan War in 1911: Italian Nationalist Association (Associazione Nazionalista Italiana, ANI). After Mussolini’sMarch on Rome in 1922, 1. Every individual and our entire people must be the party ruled Italy until 1943. It strove towards building given total freedom, other than the freedom to be a strong, self-sufficient greater