International Comparison of Approaches to Online Copyright Infringement: Final Report Research commissioned by the Intellectual Property Office, and carried out by: BOP Consulting with DotEcon This is an independent report commissioned by the Intellectual Property Office (IPO). Findings and opinions are those of the researchers, not necessarily the views of the IPO or the Government. © Crown copyright 2015 Intellectual Property Office is an operating name of the Patent Office 2015/40 ISBN: 978-1-910790-06-9 International Comparison of Approaches to Online Copyright Infringement: Final Report Published by The Intellectual Property Office February 2015 BOP Consulting specialises in the cultural, creative and digital 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 industries. We apply our expertise through research, evaluation, © Crown Copyright 2015 place-making, capital project planning, business strategy and training and events. We are interested in working with clients to You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the provide fresh insight, make things happen and deliver value for terms of the Open Government Licence. To view money. this licence, visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov. www.bop.co.uk uk/doc/open-government-licence/ or email: [email protected] DotEcon provides economic consultancy advice to companies, Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from governments and institutions on matters covering competition, the copyright holders concerned. regulation, public policy, market design and business strategy. DotEcon combines the ability to integrate rigorous economics with Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to: a thorough understanding of market realities to provide reliable, practicable and concise advice. The Intellectual Property Office www.dotecon.com Concept House Cardiff Road Newport NP10 8QQ Tel: 0300 300 2000 Fax: 01633 817 777 e-mail: [email protected] This publication is available from our website at www.ipo.gov.uk Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................1 Background and context ........................................................................................1 Target and purpose of measures ...........................................................................2 Who does what ......................................................................................................3 Legal system and traditions ....................................................................................4 Costs .....................................................................................................................4 Effectiveness ..........................................................................................................5 Demand-side .........................................................................................................5 Supply-side ............................................................................................................5 Cooperation versus coercion? ................................................................................6 Introduction ..................................................................................................................7 Methodology ..........................................................................................................7 Structure of the report ............................................................................................8 Background and context ........................................................................................8 Technological development ...................................................................................8 Legal online audio-visual content services ..............................................................11 The online ecosystem for copyright infringement ....................................................15 Comparative review of approaches................................................................................16 Overview ...............................................................................................................16 1. Impetus behind policy approaches .....................................................................16 2. Measures and their purposes .............................................................................17 3. Technological focus of enforcement ....................................................................18 4. Implementation and institutional aspects ............................................................19 5. Legal systems ....................................................................................................21 6. Pro-active or reactive? .......................................................................................22 7. Absolute cost .....................................................................................................22 8. Division of cost ...................................................................................................24 9. Effectiveness ......................................................................................................24 Conclusions ...........................................................................................................26 Canada .........................................................................................................................30 Overview of the Canadian approach ......................................................................30 Contextual factors ..................................................................................................30 Background and policy process .............................................................................32 Legal and regulatory basis of approach ..................................................................33 Enforcement process .............................................................................................34 Enforcement measures / sanctions ........................................................................35 Burden and standard of proof ...............................................................................36 Costs .....................................................................................................................37 Implementation, Monitoring and Effectiveness ........................................................38 Brazil ............................................................................................................................39 Overview of the Brazilian approach ........................................................................39 Contextual factors ..................................................................................................39 Background and policy process .............................................................................40 Legal and regulatory basis of approach ..................................................................41 Enforcement process .............................................................................................41 Enforcement measures / sanctions ........................................................................43 Burden and standard of proof ...............................................................................43 Costs .....................................................................................................................43 Implementation, Monitoring and Effectiveness ........................................................43 France ..........................................................................................................................44 Overview of the French approach ..........................................................................44 Contextual factors ..................................................................................................44 Background and policy process .............................................................................45 Legal and regulatory basis of approach ..................................................................46 Enforcement process .............................................................................................47 Graduated response ..............................................................................................47 ‘Notice and take down’ .........................................................................................48 Legal offer promotion .............................................................................................49 Enforcement measures / sanctions ........................................................................50 Burden and standard of proof ...............................................................................50 Costs .....................................................................................................................50 Implementation, Monitoring and Effectiveness ........................................................51 Graduated response ..............................................................................................51 ‘Notice and take down’ ..........................................................................................52 Italy...............................................................................................................................53