VOLUMES THAT SPEAK: THE ARCHITECTURAL BOOKS OF THE DRAYTON LIBRARY CATALOG AND THE DESIGN OF DRAYTON HALL A Project Presented to the Graduate Schools of Clemson University and the College of Charleston In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Historic Preservation by Patricia Ann Lowe May 2010 Accepted by: Ralph C. Muldrow, Committee Chair Robert Russell, Ph.D Ashley R. Wilson Abstract Drayton Hall, an early eighteenth-century plantation house on the Ashley River in Charleston, South Carolina, is widely considered to be the first Palladian house in the United States. Now owned and operated by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, Drayton Hall is something of a laboratory for the study of archaeology, landscape architecture, material culture, social history, and historic preservation. Though new discoveries are made almost every day at Drayton Hall, the origins of the house’s design remain unknown. In 2009, the Drayton Library Catalog was discovered within the Drayton manuscript collection containing references to seven popular eighteenth-century architectural books. By comparing measured drawings of Drayton Hall to designs found in these seven books, this project examines the origin of the house’s design in the context of published sources that would have been available at the time of its construction. While some of the books discussed have been previously identified as sources of inspiration, this project led to the discovery of a correlation between a pattern book plate and executed design from one of the seven books in the Drayton Library Catalog. The scope of this project was limited to the seven books in the Catalog and the previously identified sources. For that reason, measured drawings of the interior are included so that this document may be a tool for future studies outside the parameters of this project. ii Acknowledgements I want to thank Dr. Carter Hudgins and the staff of Drayton Hall for their inspiration, guidance, and encouragement throughout this process. Their interest and enthusiasm has kept me motivated, and ultimately this project is for them. I am grateful to Robert Russell and Ashley Robbins Wilson for their constructive criticism and of course to my adviser, Ralph Muldrow, for sharing his expertise in architectural history. Professor Muldrow is a veritable glossary of architectural terms, without which I would have been lost. I thank the staff in Special Collections at the Addlestone Library for repeatedly donning their white gloves and turning page after page while I searched for the elusive plate that might match a design at Drayton Hall. I am also grateful for my classmates who, in the last two years, have grown to be like family to me. Their camaraderie and support has been invaluable, and it has been an honor getting to know each of them. Finally, I want to thank my friends and family who have cheered me on tirelessly most especially, Adam Smith, for his special brand of encouragement and unwavering enthusiasm for all of my endeavors. iii List of Figures Figure Page 1 Present-day image showing land side of Drayton Hall. ................................. 1 2 Present-day map showing location of Drayton Hall with respect to the Greater Charleston Area .................................................... 2 3 Recently discovered Drayton Hall watercolor showing land side elevation c. 1765 ....................................................................... 4 4 Lewis Reeves Gibbes circa 1850s sketch of Drayton Hall Showing downspouts on south elevation ............................................... 28 5 Computer rendering of Drayton Hall’s treble roof by Matt Webster .......................................................................................... 29 6 Plate O from William Salmon’s Palladio Londinensis, 1734, showing design for “M” roof. ..................................................... 30 7 Plate 7 from Batty Langley’s The City and Country Builder’s and Workman’s Treasury of Designs, 1756, showing plan of “M” roof ...................................................................... 31 8 Plate 13 from Batty Langley’s The City and Country Builder’s and Workman’s Treasury of Designs, 1756, showing designs for trussed roofs .......................................................... 32 9 Plate 64 from William Kent’s Designs of Inigo Jones showing fireplace treatment found in Room 101 At Drayton Hall ...................................................................................... 33 10 Photo of chimneypiece and overmantle from Designs of Inigo Jones in room 101, the Great Hall ............................................ 33 11 Image showing chimneypiece and overmantle from Designs of Inigo Jones at Houghton Hall in Norfolk, England. .................................................................................. 35 12 Plate 91 from James Gibbs’ A Book of Architecture, 1728........................................................................................................ 36 iv List of Figures (Continued) Figure Page 13 Measured drawing of chimneypiece and overmantle in Room 105 that resemble Gibbs Plate 91 ................................................ 36 14 Detail of Drayton Library Catalog showing reference to James Gibbs’ A Book of Architecture ................................................ 37 15 Image of Andrea Palladio’s Villa Pisani from The Four Books of Architecture, Book II ............................................... 40 16 Recently discovered Drayton Hall watercolor Showing land side elevation c. 1765...................................................... 40 17 Longfellow House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1759. Shows centered gable that simulates Pallaian portico ...................................................................................... 41 18 Cliveden, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1763-67 Shows centered gable that simulates Palladian portico .................................................................................... 41 19 Hammond-Harwood House, Annapolis, Maryland, 1774. Shows centered gable that simulates Palladian portico .................................................................................... 41 20 Floor plan of Drayton Hall showing large central room similar to Palladian designs ................................................................... 42 21 English double-house floor plan showing central hallway .......................... 42 22 Detail of Drayton Library Catalog showing reference to Isaac Ware’s translation of Palladio’s Four Books of Architecture............................................................................................ 44 v Table of Contents Page TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................. iii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ iv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 History of Drayton Hall ........................................................................... 1 Drayton Library Catalog .......................................................................... 6 Methodology ............................................................................................ 9 II. ANALYSIS OF EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ............................................. 15 ARCHITECTURAL BOOKS III. ARCHITECTURAL BOOKS AND THE DESIGN OF ............................. 25 DRAYTON HALL Treble Roof ............................................................................................ 25 Fireplace Treatments .............................................................................. 33 Palladian Villa Design ........................................................................... 38 IV. CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................... 45 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 48 A: Drayton Library Catalog .............................................................................. 49 B: Transcription of Drayton Library Catalog ................................................... 51 C: Labeled Floor Plans ..................................................................................... 52 D: Measured Drawings ..................................................................................... 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 68 vi Chapter I Introduction Figure 1: Drayton Hall. Charleston, South Carolina (Photo from Carol M. Highsmith's America, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division). History of Draytton Hall Drayton Hall is widely regarded as the first Palladian house in the United States (fig. 1).1 Thanks to the decisions made by generations of the Drayton family and the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the house remains largely as it appeared in the 1 Gerald Foster, American Houses: A Field Guide to the Architecture of the Home (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 152. eighteenth century. Despite its state of preservation, questions surround