THE CONDOM USE CAMPAIGN AND ITS INFLUENCE IN THE SEXUAL LIFE OF STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA EZEJI, EKWUEME EMEKA PG/MSC/08/47746 INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (IDS), UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU CAMPUS DECEMBER, 2015 1 THE CONDOM USE CAMPAIGN AND ITS INFLUENCE IN THE SEXUAL LIFE OF STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA EZEJI, EMEKA EKWUEME PG/M.SC/O8/47746 A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTION FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (IDS) UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU CAMPUS. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE M.SC IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES SUPERVISOR PROF. I.C NWIZUIGBO DECEMBER, 2015 2 CERTIFICATION I, Ezeji Emeka Ekwueme (Msc) hereby certify that apart from references made to other person’s work which have been dearly acknowledged, the entire work is a product of my personal research and that this project, neither in whole nor in part has been presented for any degree anywhere. ----------------------------------------------------- Ezeji, Emeka Ekwueme PG/M.Sc/08/47746 3 APPROVAL PAGE The study embodied in this work has been read and certified as an original work of Ezeji, Emeka Ekwueme with registration number (PG/M.Sc/08/47746). The work has been approved as meeting the requirements of the Institute of Development Studies University of Nigeria (UNN), Enugu Campus for the award of the Degree of Masters of Science (M.Sc) in development studies. ---------------------------- ------------------------------ Prof. Osita Ogbu. Ph.D Date Director, Institution for Development Studies (UNN) Enugu Campus --------------------------- ------------------------------ External Examiner Date 4 DEDICATION To my wife Chinwe and Sons Favour, Chimdindu, Zokwasim and Kachimsiricho for their understanding and sacrifice. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am most thankful to Almighty God who inspired the beginning and successful completion of this work. My profound gratitude goes to the Director and Staff of the Institute of Development studies, and to my Supervisor, Prof. I.C. Nwizugbo who in his constructive and shrewd intellectual criticism contributed immensely to the completion of this work. I also extend my gratitude to my lovely wife – Chinwe and to my children for their support in one way or the other in making this work a success. May God bless and keep you all in Jesus Name. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page - - - - - - - - - i Certification - - - - - - - - ii Approval Page - - - - - - - - - iii Dedication - - - - - - - - - iv Acknowledgments - - - - - - - - - v Abstract - - - - - - - - - vi Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - vii List of Tables - - - - - - - - - viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - - - 1 1.2 Statement of Research Problem - - - - - - 4 1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study - - - - - - 5 1.4 Research Question - - - - - - - - 5 1.5 Research Hypothesis - - - - - - - - 6 1.6 Significance of the Study- - - - - - - - 6 1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study - - - - - - 7 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview of Condom use Campaign- What is Condom? - - - 10 2.2 History of Condom - - - - - - - - 13 2.3 Why Condom Use - - - - - - - - 16 2.4 Condom use and the Church - - - - - - - 18 2.5 HIV/AIDS and Condom use /Faith Based Organization (FBO) - - 21 2.6 Major and Minor Massage in Condom Campaign - - - - 22 2.7 Sexual Habits of Students - - - - - - - 25 2.8 Sexually Transmitted Diseases before 1960 - - - - - 26 2.9 Possible Misconception of Condom use - - - - - 28 2.10 General Assessment - - - - - - - - 29 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design- - - - - - - - - 36 7 3.2 Population of the Study - - - - - - - 37 3.3 Sample Size - - - - - - - - - 37 3.4 Sampling selection - - - - - - - - 38 3.5 Methods of Data Collection - - - - - - - 39 3.6 Validity/ Reliability of instruments - - - - - - 39 3.7 Methods of Data Analysis - - - - - - - 40 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION 4.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 45 4.2 Presentation of Data - - - - - - - - 45 4.2.0 Questionnaire Data Presentation - - - - - - 45 4.2.1 Gender Structure - - - - - - - - 45 4.2.2 Awareness of condom use - - - - - - - 46 4.2.3 Campaign on condom use - - - - - - - 51 4.2.4 Condom use and students sexuality - - - - - - 52 4.3 Interpretation of Result - - - - - - - 55 4.3.2 Application principal component analysis on pattern of condom use campaign and sexual life - - - - - 56 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 5.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 60 5.2 Findings from level of Awareness on Condom use in the Study Area (objective 1) - - - - - - - - 60 5.3 Findings from Pattern of Condom use Campaign and Sexual Life of Students in the Study Area (objective 2 and 3) - - - 62 CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Summary of Findings- - - - - - - - 64 6.2 Recommendation- - - - - - - - - 65 6.3 Conclusion- - - - - - - - - - 66 Reference Appendix 8 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Gender Structure - - - - - - - 45 Table 4.2: Age Structure of the Respondent - - - - - 46 Table 4.3: Awareness of condom use in the Study Area - - - 47 Table 4.4: Campaign on Condom Use - - - - - - 50 Table 4.5 Condom use and students sexuality - - - - 52 Table 4.6 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) on Awareness of Condom Use - 55 Table 4.7 Communalities of Pattern of Condom use Campaign and sexual life 57 Table 5.8 Rotated Component Matrix of Discernible Pattern of Condom Use Campaign and Sexual Life - - - - - 58 9 ABSTRACT This study examined condom use campaign and its influence in the sexual life of students of University of Nigeria, Nsukka.The objectives of this study include the following: To determine the level of awareness in the use of condom among the students of University of Nigeria, Nsukka ,to analyze the trend of condom use campaign in Nigeria with particular reference to the students community of the university of Nigeria Nsukka and to determine the influence of condom use campaign on the sexual life of the students of University of Nigeria Nsukka.A total of 287 respondents were randomly selected within the two campuses and in various male and female hostels.Simple frequencies and tables were used to analyze date generated from the study. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component Analysis (PCA) was used to test the postulated hypotheses. The result of ANOVA recorded a P-value of 0.001 which showed significant difference on the perception of student on level of awareness of condom use campaign in the Campus. The PCA recorded total variance of 94.38120. This entailed significant pattern in condom use campaign and sexual life of students. Finding from the study ‘reveals that condom campaign is responsible for increase in sex habit of students as is the case of about 33% of students. This study established that condom use campaign and sexual innovation model is responsible for increase in sex habit and associated problems like have in 42% of sexual debut among students. The study also showed that 34% of students strongly agree that condom use campaign promotes sex addiction. However, the study upheld the fact that condom use have helped in saving life and controlled sexually transmitted diseases, there is therefore need to find a way to pass the message without causing more sexual habit problems. The study, therefore recommends, among others that emphasis must not only be on condom use. Abstinence should be emphasized as the best option, the government should re-orient our youth by putting together a Wholistic Reproductive Health Programme that will focus more on protective behaviour other than condom use. 10 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study HIV/AIDS is one of the most widespread lethal diseases occurring in the world today (Scott, 2009). According to UNAIDS/WHO (2003) nearly 1 million Americans are infected with HIV, most of them through sexual transmission, and an estimated 12 million cases of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) occurring each year in the United States, therefore effective strategies for preventing these diseases are critical. Sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV infection, are preventable. The connection between HIV infection and sexual risk behaviour in heterosexual relationships has been long established in sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 5 million new HIV/AIDS infections occurred in sub-Saharan Africa in 2003, most the result of heterosexual transmission. Several factors such as community environment (Peltzer et al. 2009), poverty (SANAC 2010), home environment (Green et al. 2009), drug abuse (Harrison, 2009) and others have been identified as instigators of sexual risk behaviour and more recently, have been linked to the spread of HIV in South Africa. It has been argued that gender systems in sub-Saharan Africa promote the spread of HIV through a variety of routes including inter alia: masculine identities that support dominance, sexual freedom, and sexual satisfaction (Schoepf, 1998); inequitable material resource allocation, meaning widespread female poverty and economic dependence upon men (Kaleeba et al, 1991); and a complex interplay between the norms and reality of partnership formation which implies both multiple sexual partners and barriers to condom use due to ideals of trust, honesty, and commitment within unions (Varga, 1997). The effectiveness of responsible prevention strategies depends largely on the individual (CDC, 1996). Condoms are a key component of comprehensive HIV prevention. Condoms are known to be effective in preventing HIV among both men and women (Davis&