A project of with support from ///Message to Teachers/// Table of Contents This guide is intended to assist teachers and students as they study Canada’s involvement in the Second Message to Teachers 2 World War. It highlights some of the significant historical themes and events of that period but is not meant to be a comprehensive history of Canada and the war; in fact, some teachers may choose to highlight different Introduction 2 aspects of this period in their classes, such as the naval war on Canada’s doorstep or Canada’s participation in the bombing offensive against Germany. Nonetheless, the content presented here constitutes a meaningful entry Second World War Timeline 3–4 point into examining the country’s involvement in one of the 20th century’s pivotal armed conflicts. Additionally, the skills students will develop in the activities will apply to any existing units being used in class by teachers. Canada in Battle 5–8 Developed in line with the historical thinking concepts created by the Historical Thinking Project, Women and the War 8–9 this guide complements Canadian middle-school and high-school curricula. It invites students to deepen Home Front 9–10 their understanding of the Second World War through primary- and secondary-source research and examination, engaging discussion questions and group activities. The Ethical Dimension and the Second World War 10–12 This guide was produced by Historica Canada with the generous support of the Government of Canada. Legacy and Consequences 12 Further educational activities and resources are available on The Canadian Encyclopedia and The Memory Project websites. We hope that the guide will assist you in teaching this important period of Canadian history in your social studies or history classroom. ///Introduction/// The Second World War was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. Angered by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, which ended the First World War, Germany rejected the tenets of the treaty and began a military buildup, seizing lost territory in Europe. Attempting to contain Germany’s aggression, the leaders of Great Britain and France followed a policy of appeasement, tolerating Germany’s occupation of the Rhineland, Austria and Czechoslovakia in an aim to preserve peace. Appeasement failed when Germany’s armed forces, under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi government, invaded Poland in September 1939 and Europe was once again entangled in armed conflict, just as it had been in the years 1914 to 1918. Fighting alongside its allies, Canada made large military contributions to the war effort. Canadians on the home front contributed to the war by taking up employment in war industries, producing munitions, food and other goods for use in the Pacific and European theatres of war. Over 16,000 aircraft, 4,000 ships, and 800,000 military vehicles were built in Canadian factories, many by women. Of the over one million men who enlisted to fight for Canada abroad (including those from Newfoundland, which was not yet a Canadian province), more than 44,000 were killed and some 55,000 were wounded. For those who survived, the military aided in transitioning soldiers to civilian life by providing educational opportunities, grants and loans for the purchase of land and homes, and additional funds for time served. Learning about the brave individuals along with the atrocities of the Second World War reveals the complexity of Canada’s role in the international conflict, which would lead the country to a new Alec MacInnis, Canadian Army economic and military status in the postwar world. (courtesy Alec MacInnis, The Memory Project, Historica Canada). Peggy Lee, Women's Ambulance Corps (St. John’s Ambulance), 1942 (courtesy Peggy Lee, The Memory Project, Historica Canada). Online Resources The following resources are referenced throughout this guide. They can assist with learning about and teaching Canada’s involvement in the Second World War. Canada at War (1914-1919 | 1939-1945) The Historical Thinking Project Canada1914-1945.ca historicalthinking.ca The Canadian Encyclopedia – Second World War Collection Library and Archives Canada TheCanadianEncyclopedia.ca/en/article/second-world-war-wwii bac-lac.gc.ca The Memory Project – An archive of first-hand accounts and The Canadian War Museum – photographs of veterans of the Second World War Canada and the Second World War thememoryproject.com/stories/WWII warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1931crisis_e.shtml Cover: Members of the first contingent of the Canadian Women's Army Corps (CWAC) entering Hamm, Germany, 12 June 1945 (courtesy Sgt. Karen M. Hermiston/Library and Archives Canada/PA-128229). 2 SECOND WORLD WAR TIMELINE 3 September 1939 1 September 1939 The SS Athenia, sailing from Glasgow to Montréal with 469 Canadians on Germany invades Poland. Two days later, British Prime Minister Neville 1939 board, is sunk by a German U-boat. Many consider this the beginning of the Chamberlain declares that “this country is at war with Germany.” Battle of the Atlantic, the longest sustained naval campaign of the Second JUN World War, in which the Royal Canadian Navy would play a key role. A motorcycle unit of the Nazi army, JUL followed by trucks, is shown during the Unidentified ratings manning a German invasion of Poland, 1939 (courtesy AUG two-pounder anti-aircraft gun aboard Associated Press/CP # 08900161). 17 December 1939 HMCS Assiniboine, 10 July 1940 (courtesy SEP Canadian Prime Minister Department of National Defence/Library and Archives Canada/PA-104057). William Lyon Mackenzie King OCT announces the creation of the NOV British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, an agreement between DEC 10 September Canada, Great Britain, New 1939 Zealand and Australia to train 1940 After almost unanimous airmen from these countries in consent in the House of Canada during the war. JAN Commons and the Senate, Canada declares war on FEB Germany. Over 58,000 MAR Canadian men enlist that January 1940 month for military service. The federal government launches 26 March 1940 APR the first Victory Loan campaign Prime Minister King and the Liberal Party win the federal MAY of the Second World War to election with a large majority, aided by a promise to avoid finance the military effort. Over enacting conscription legislation for war service. JUN the next five years, Canadians JUL invest more than $12 billion in these government-issued bonds. AUG Survivors from the 10 July 1940 SEP Battle of Hong Kong who The Battle of Britain begins. were held at Ohashi Prison OCT Camp in Japan and Around 100 Canadians serving 2 July 1941 liberated, after four years in the Royal Canadian Air Force NOV of captivity, on 15 September participate in this battle and 23 The federal government establishes the 1945 (courtesy George DEC lose their lives. Keeping Britain Canadian Women’s Auxiliary Air Force, the first MacDonell, The Memory CWAC platoon marching military division open to women in Canada. As Project, Historica Canada). as a “foothold” in Europe is of strategic importance to the eventual 1941 (courtesy Department of National the war progresses, the government creates Defence/Library and Archives army and navy divisions for women, called offensive against Germany. Canada/R112-1282-X-E). JAN the Canadian Women’s Army Corps and the Women’s Royal Canadian Naval Service. FEB MAR Nations involved in the conflict: APR MAY ALLIED POWERS AXIS POWERS (SELECTED) (SELECTED) JUN Canada Germany JUL Great Britain Italy AUG France Japan SEP United States Hungary OCT Soviet Union Romania 8-25 December 1941 NOV China Bulgaria Canadian soldiers fight in the Battle of Hong Kong. Approximately DEC Many of the terms highlighted in purple in the timeline 290 soldiers are killed, while around 260 of the approximately 1,700 are related to the Second World War. If you are unfamiliar captured Canadians will die in Japanese prisoner of war camps. with any of these terms, look up their definition. 3 TIMELINE (CONTINUED) 1942 27 April 1942 MAR A national plebiscite on 16 August 1942 APR releasing the government 1,946 Canadians are captured and 916 killed in a disastrous MAY from its promise to avoid 20-27 bringing in military conscription December 1943 military raid against the German-held French port of Dieppe. JUN is held. The “yes” vote to Canadians soldiers JUL release the government participate in the Battle of Unidentified Canadian soldiers landing on from its promise is decisive Juno Beach, 6 June 1944 (courtesy Lieut. Ortona during the bloodiest AUG across the country, except in Ken Bell/Department of National Defence/ month of the Italian SEP Library and Archives Canada/PA-132655). Québec. Most Québecers campaign. A week of fierce 6 June 1944 OCT are against conscription. fighting results in Allied forces land in Normandy, NOV 650 Canadian casualties, with over 200 dead. on the French coast, which DEC begins the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi 1943 occupation. Canadian soldiers NOV Crowd of Dutch civilians land at a beach code-named celebrating the liberation of Juno and, after fierce fighting DEC Utrecht by the Canadian Army, and many casualties, break 7 May 1945 (courtesy Alexander the German positions. 1944 Mackenzie Stirton/Department of National Defence/Library and MAY Archives Canada/PA-134376). JUN JUL 30 August 1944 The Canadian public begins to learn of the atrocities committed by the Nazi AUG Oct-Nov 1944 regime when major newspapers across the country including the Toronto SEP The King government, under Star, The Globe and Mail and the Winnipeg Free Press carry front page OCT enormous pressure due articles about the Majdanek (Lublin) Nazi extermination camp in Poland. Oct-Nov 1944 to a shortage of infantry, NOV Canadian soldiers authorizes the transfer of participate in the Battle 16,000 conscripts overseas 1945 of the Scheldt, which (fewer than 13,000 were begins the liberation of actually sent).