OPTIMAL NETWORK FLOW RATE FOR INSTALLATION OF SMALL HYDRO POWER PLANTS: A CASE STUDY XEDON RIVER BASIN, LAOS Douangtavanh Khamkeo A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering Suranaree University of Technology Academic Year 2017 โครงขายอัตราการไหลที่เหมาะสมสําหรับการติดตั้งโรงไฟฟา กําลังน้ําขนาดเล็ก, กรณีศึกษาลุมน้ําเซโดน ส.ป.ป. ลาว นายดวงตะวัน คําแกว วิทยานิพนธนี้เปนสวนหนึ่งของการศึกษาตามหลักสูตรปริญญาวิศวกรรมศาสตรดุษฎีบัณฑิต สาขาวิชาวิศวกรรมไฟฟา มหาวิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสุรนารี ปการศึกษา 2560 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work contained in this thesis has been made possible through the generosity of several people in various ways. I am grateful to all Electrical Engineering students and staff for their day-to-day encouragements. I would like to express my special thanks to my supervisor, Asst. Prof. Dr. Anant Oonsivilai, for his invaluable persistence, enlightening guidance and encouragement through the course of this study, without which this work would not have succeeded. I would also like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thanatchai Kulworawanichpong, Asst. Prof. Dr. Boonruang Marungsri and Asst. Prof. Dr. Padej Pao-la-or who served on the thesis committee and for many insightful and useful comments upon the success of this work. It is my pleasure to express sincere gratitude to the Champassak University and the Suranaree University of Technology for the scholarship which covered tuition fees in the third year of my study. Special thanks are to my wife together with my family for the support which has, as always, been substantial. Moreover, thanks to my friends in Thailand for their encouragements and support during my study. Douangtavanh khamkeo VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT (THAI) I ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V TABLE OF CONTENTS VI LIST OF TABLES XIII LIST OF FIGURES XIV SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS XIX CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Current Energy Problem in Lao PDR 1 1.2 Background 3 1.3 Types of Small Hydro Turbines 6 1.3.1 Francis Turbine 6 1.3.2 PELTON Turbine 8 1.3.3 Kaplan and Propeller Turbines 9 1.4 Statement of the Problem 10 1.5 Motivation of the Thesis 11 1.6 Research Objectives 12 1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study 12 VII TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 1.8 Methodology 13 1.9 Expected Benefit 14 1.10 Organization of the Thesis 14 II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 The Production in Power and Water Network 19 2.2.1 Introduction of Power and Water Network 19 2.2.2 Energy Production in Water Network 24 2.2.3 Water Production in Water Network 28 2.3 Co-optimization for the Economic Dispatch of Power and Water Network 36 2.3.1 Purposes of Economic Dispatch Problem (EDP) 36 2.3.1.1 Economic Dispatch of Power 36 2.3.1.2 Economic Dispatch of Water 41 2.3.2 Solution of Co-Optimization for the Economic Dispatch 46 2.3.2.1 Co-Dispatch of Power and Heat 46 2.3.2.2 Co-Optimization of Power-Water 50 2.3.3 Conclusion of Co-Optimization for the Economic Dispatch 59 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 2.4 Impact of Economic Dispatch of Power and Water 61 2.4.1 Storage Facilities for Power and Water 61 2.5 Conclusions 62 III THE XEDON RIVER BASIN 3.1 Significance of the XEDON Basin 64 3.2 General Description 64 3.3 Population and the Settlement Pattern 67 3.4 Policy, Strategies and Plans 70 3.4.1 Location River Basin Profile and Environmental Risk Assessment 70 3.4.2 Geophysical and Biophysical Environments 73 3.4.3 Climate 74 3.4.4 Land Use 75 3.4.5 Soil 76 3.4.6 Other Population Characteristics 78 3.5 Infrastructure and Utility Profiles 79 3.5.1 Road and Bridge Networks 79 3.5.2 Communication Utilities 80 3.6 Analysis System Water Resources of the River Basin 81 3.6.1 Physical Geography Nature 81 IX TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 3.6.2 The Climate Characteristics 85 3.6.2.1 Rainfall 86 3.6.2.2 Temperature 87 3.6.2.3 Characteristics of the Water Resources of XEDON River Basin 92 3.6.2.3.1 XEDON River Basin and River Branches are Important 93 3.6.2.3.2 The Water Content 94 3.6.2.4 The Characteristics Water Use in the Area of River Basin 96 3.6.2.4.1 The Population in the Area of River Basin 96 3.6.2.4.2 Tourism 97 3.6.2.4.3 The Water use for Agriculture in the XEDON river basin 92 3.6.2.4.4 The Industrial Plants 101 3.6.2.4.5 Hydroelectric Power Plant 102 IV EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL AND XEDON RIVER HYDROBASIN DEVELOPMENTAL PLAN 4.1 Data used to Determine the Potential of Hydropower 103 X TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 4.2 The Consideration to Select Location the Potential of Hydropower Plants 104 4.2.1 Considering the Range of the XEDON River 104 4.2.2 The Consideration to Select Location the Potential of Hydropower Plants 105 4.2.3 Segmentation of Potential Location 107 4.3 The Volume Synthesis of Water Flow Rate Data in Case it doesn't have Water Flow Rate Data 109 4.3.1 Method the Proportion of Catchment Area 110 4.3.2 The Method Relationship between Annual Average Flow Rate and Rainfall Catchment Area 111 4.4 Calculating the Potential of Small Reservoirs in the XEDON River Basin 121 4.4.1 Design of Small Hydropower Plants with Reservoirs 124 V ANALYSIS THEORIES 5.1 Investigation Water Distribution System 129 5.1.1 Introduction 129 5.1.2 Analysis Water Distribution System 132 XI TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 5.1.3 Proposed Technique 134 5.2 Power Flow Solution 136 5.2.1 Power Flow Equation 137 5.2.2 Power Flow Program 139 5.2.3 Data Preparation 140 5.3 Newton-Raphson for Power Flow Solution 142 5.4 Foundations by using PSO Method 147 VI CO-OPTIMIZATION FOR OPTIMAL NETWORK FLOW 6.1 Introduction 153 6.2 Background 156 6.2.1 Co-Optimization of Power and Water 157 6.2.2 Optimal Power Flow 158 6.2.3 Optimal Water Flow 160 6.2.4 Optimal Small Hydro Power Plant 161 6.3 Economic Dispatch with PSO 163 6.3.1 The Power Economic Dispatch model l63 6.3.2 The Water Economic Dispatch Model 165 6.3.3 Implementation 166 6.3.4 Limitations 166 6.4 Problem Formulation 167 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 6.5 Simulation Methodology 171 6.5.1 Case study in Laos P.D.R 173 6.6 Conclusion 176 VII RESULT OF THESIS 7.1 Test Result for 16 bus in Southern Laos 178 7.2 Conclusion 188 VIII CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1 Conclusion 190 8.2 Recommendation 193 REFERENCES 195 APPENDICES 227 APPENDIX A SYSTEM DATA 227 APPENDIX B LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 262 BIOGRAPHY 264 XI LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1 population within XEDON River Basin in 2005 and 2007 ......................... 68 3.2 Population classification by age group each Districts in XEDON River Basin 2005.......................................................................................... 70 3.3 Planning Area of XEDON River Basin in 2007 .......................................... 71 3.4 Area of XEDON River Basin ...................................................................... 72 3.5 Detail of XEDON Sub-basins (Numbers & Areas) ..................................... 73 3.6 Decondary and tertiary rivers that drain into the XEDON River ................ 74 3.7 The physical properties of soil..................................................................... 77 3.8 The area of each provinces in XEDON river basin ..................................... 82 3.9 The physical characteristics of the area of XEDON river basin.................. 83 3.10 The slope levels of an area of the XEDON river basin................................ 83 3.11 Measurement stations climate in XEDON river basin................................. 88 3.12 The average monthly rainfall of measurement stations on XEDON river basin in 1996 to 2010. ......................................................... 88 3.13 The average monthly temperature of measurement stations on XEDON river basin in 1996 to 2010. .......................................................... 88 3.14 The population of each provinces in the area of the XEDON river basin..................................................................................................... 98 3.15 Irrigable area in the XEDON river basin 2011 ............................................ 99 XII LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Page 3.16 The number of plants in each province is on the XEDON river basin ........ 102 3.17 Hydroelectric power plants in XEDON river basin..................................... 102 4.1 Details of the gauging station ...................................................................... 104 4.2 Hydroelectric Power Plant at XEDON River Basin .................................... 109 4.3 The data of monthly average flood peak discharge in each year at PAKSE station ............................................................................................. 115 4.4 The data of monthly average flood peak discharge in each year at PAKSONG station....................................................................................... 116 4.5 The data of monthly average flood peak discharge in each year at KHONGSEDONE station................................................................ 116 4.6 The data of monthly average flood peak discharge in each year at SALAVAN station....................................................................................... 117 4.7 The flow rate at the potential point in XEDON river basin......................... 121 6.1 Supply and demand side couplings.............................................................. 154 6.2 Summary of nomenclature for the optimal flow of developing energy sources Laos P.D.R...................................................................................... 167 7.1 Results of the PSO optimal power flow for 16 bus system for case 1......... 179 7.2 Results of the PSO optimal power flow for 16 bus system for case 2......... 181 7.3 Results of the PSO optimal power flow for 16 bus system for case 3......... 182 7.4 Results of the PSO optimal power flow for 16 bus system for case 4......... 184 XIII LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Page 7.5 Results of the PSO optimal power flow for 16 bus system for case 5........