Lecture 1: Introduction Advanced Digital VLSI Design I Bar-Ilan University, Course 83-614 Semester B, 2021 11 March 2021 Outline © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 Introduction Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Conclusions Motivation Course Motivation Snapdragon??? • How many of you understand this recent news item? • Qualcomm Snapdragon 710I mobilethought platform so… (SDM710) specifications: • CPU – 8x Qualcomm Kryo 360 CPU @ up to 2.2 GHz (in two clusters) • GPU – Qualcomm Adreno 616, DirectX 12 • DSP – Qualcomm Hexagon 680 • Memory I/F – LPDDR4x, 2x 16-bit up to 1866MHz, • Video: H.264 (AVC), H.265 (HEVC), VP9, VP8 • Camera: Qualcomm Spectra 250 ISP • Audio – Qualcomm Aqstic & aptX audio • Cellular Connectivity–Snapdragon X15 LTE modem • Wireless : 802.11ac Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 5, NFC • Manufacturing Process – Samsung 10nm LPP 4 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 Motivation •Welcome to EnICS. • To get you started on your graduate studies, let me introduce you to a wonderful invention… • Don’t you think it’s about time you know what’s inside? 5 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 Course Objective • To make sure that you – graduate students working on chip design – get to know the environment around your circuits. • Basic Terminology • Components • Systems (on a chip) • Software • Methodology • And since we’re leading one of the flagship programs of the Israel Innovation Authority • I’m going to familiarize you with RISC-V 6 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 Course Syllabus • Well, that’s a tough one… • In general, I call it “Microprocessors, Microcontrollers, SoC, and Embedded Computing” • I’ll let you know exactly what we’re going to learn as we go along. • But some of the subjects I plan to cover include • What is an SoC • RISC-V – what, where, why, how • Concepts in Computer Architecture • The Software Stack • The Memory Hierarchy • Basic Interfaces: AMBA (AXI), UART, SPI… • Testing • Basic concepts in Operating Systems 7 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 Okay, how much work do we have to do? • Well, this course is not a freebie! • But hopefully, you’ll get something out of it. • Are you ready? Are you sure? Really…? • Your grade will consist of: • 60% - Homework • 10% - ISSCC paper presentation • 30% - Review Quiz 8 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 What, what, what??? • Calm down and let me explain… • 60% = Homework • The homework will help you get your “hands on” some of the material and prepare you for a research tapeout. • We assume that many of you haven’t done or (have forgotten) the DDP course, so the exercises will be a bit of a subset of those exercises. • We will gradually build your skillset to enable you to build a hardware accelerator. • Finally, you will need to design your own accelerator. Analog guys, don’t have a heart attack. Your project will be to deliver a custom macro! 9 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 What, what, what??? (2) • 10% - ISSCC paper presentation • You will each choose a paper from ISSCC2021* and present it to the class. • I will put up a sign-up sheet and we will have one presentation a week • * I will consider other papers, but you will have to get my permission. • 30% - Review Quiz • And yes, we are going to hear a lot of terminology and concepts, so at the end of the semester, there will be a quiz. • It will be on Moodle, multiple-choice style. • Hopefully, it will make you review the material and digest it! 10 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 Where do we get our homework? • By GIT, of course! • Udi has kindly opened a gitlab repository for you. • You will all soon get invitations to join it. • The first homework will be after Pesach, but you should start to “warm up” to GIT already! • Recommended lecture: • The Missing Semester – Version Control: https://missing.csail.mit.edu/2020/version-control/ 11 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 And some more GIT humor © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 MPU, MCU, SoC 13 Our good old friend Moore • 1.2*1021 (1.2 sextillion) • The number of transistors in 2014! • Transistors > grains of rice harvested in 2004 • 106 times estimated number of ants on earth Source: Raghunathan, ECE 695R © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 What do we do with all the transistors? • Scaling option #1 (component-driven scaling) • Microprocessors, GPUs • Pre-2005: Deeper pipelines, more complex logic for instruction-level parallelism, more cache • 2005- : More cores, more cache • Memory chips • Easy – just keep increasing capacity • Scaling option #2 (system-driven scaling) • Integrate more and more system Source: Raghunathan, ECE 695R functions onto a chip 15 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 MPU, MCU, SoC • Microprocessor (MPU) • A computer processor where the data processing logic and control is included on a single integrated circuit. 4-bit Intel 4004 Bellmac 32 AMD Opteron First monolithic First 32-bit First 64-bit x86 microprocessor microprocessor microprocessor© AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 MPU, MCU, SoC (2) • Microcontroller (MCU) • A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit chip. • A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals. TI TMS-1000 PIC Microcontroller ATmega328P First high-volume Over 12B parts sold The chip at the heart of microcontroller (2013) the Arduino Uno 17 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 MPU, MCU, SoC (3) • System on a chip (SoC) • A system on a chip is an integrated circuit that integrates all or most components of a computer or other electronic system. • An SoC integrates an MCU, MPU or perhaps several processor cores with peripherals like a GPU, Wi-Fi and cellular network radio modems, and/or one or more coprocessors – all on a single substrate or microchip. • An SoC can be seen as integrating an MCU with more advanced peripherals. Intel 5810 Watch AMD286ZX/LX Apple M1 First SoC (1974) First Largescale SoC First Apple Silicon Mac 18 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 From Microprocessor to Microcontroller Source: Mohit Arora 19 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 To System-on-Chip Source: Greaves, U. Cambridge 20 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 Embedded Systems 21 Embedded Systems • An embedded system is combination of computer hardware and software that is specifically designed for a particular function. • “Loosely defined, it is any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself intended to be a general purpose computer” by W. Wolf • “An embedded computer system includes a microcomputer with mechanical, chemical and electrical devices attached to it, programmed for a specific dedicated purpose, and packaged as a complete system” by J. Valvano • “Embedded Systems are the electronic systems that contain a microprocessor or a microcontroller, but we do not think of them as computers– the computer is hidden or embedded in the system.” by T. Morton • A cyber-physical system is one that combines physical devices, known as the plant, with computers that control the plant. • The embedded computer is the cyber-part of the cyber-physical system. 22 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 Embedded Systems (2) • An embedded system is designed to handle a particular task. • e.g, washing machines, electronic shavers, Digital TV, digital cameras, air-conditioning etc. • However, some embedded devices may perform variety of functions. • such as a Smartphone, Digital TV etc. Source: Mohit Arora 23 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 General vs. Embedded Computer System • General Computer System • Embedded Computer System • Microprocessor • Hardware that includes the core • Large Primary Memory and necessary I/O for a specific (RAM, ROM, Cache) function. • Large Secondary Memory • Embeds main application (HDD, SSD, DVD) software into embedded Flash. • Operating System (OS) • Embeds a real time operating • General purpose user system (RTOS) which interfaces and supervises the application software. application software tasks running on the hardware. 24 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 Embedded System Characteristics • Limited hardware and software functionality • Limited performance, reduced power consumption, memory, hardware functionality • Limited real-time operating system (RTOS) or even no OS (“Bare Metal”) and scaled-down applications • Custom designed for a dedicated function • Primarily designed for one specific function • High quality and reliability • Some embedded devices are highly reliable and can work for long operation hours without failure • Sophisticated functionality • Some embedded systems require running complex algorithms and providing a fancy User interface 25 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 Embedded System Characteristics (2) • Low Latency and real time operation • Many embedded computing systems have to perform in real time – if the data isn’t ready by a certain deadline, the system breaks. • Some functions require low latency for quality of service • Multirate support • Several real-time activities may be going on at the same time. • They may simultaneously control some operations that run at slow rates and others that run at high rates (e.g., audio vs. video) • System Costs • Low manufacturing cost • Low power and energy budgets 26 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 Embedded System Example #1 • Air Conditioning System Source: Mohit Arora 27 © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 Embedded System Example #2 • Portable Music Player 28 Source: Mohit Arora © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 3.8 V, 25 Watt- Capacitive multitouch hour battery Example #3 LCD screen • Let’s look inside an Apple iPad 2: 10.1mm 4X GPU Datapath Source: P&H, Chapter 1 Computer board 12.1mm 2X ARM Core @1GHz DDR Interface 29 45nm Apple A5 SoC 32GB Flash Apple A5 SoC © AdamMarch Teman, 11, 2021 Components of