NHDR-final 3/1/07 11:12 AM Page 1 National Human Development Report 2007 Social Inclusion in Bosnia and Herzegovina NHDR-final 3/1/07 11:12 AM Page 2 National Human Social Inclusion Development Report 2007 2 in Bosnia and Herzegovina ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Supervisor: Association of People with Cerebral Palsy of the Sarajevo Armin SIR»O, Senior Portfolio Manager, UNDP BiH. Canton (Novotni Nevenko); Association of People with Multiple Sclerosis of the Sarajevo Canton (BahtijareviÊ Team Leader: Dr. Æarko PAPI∆. Fata); Association of Paraplegics of the Sarajevo Canton Authors (in alphabetical order): Maida FETAHAGI∆, Boris (SlimoviÊ Zula); Association of Parents with Children with HRABA», Fahrudin MEMI∆, Ranka NINKOVI∆, Adila Special Needs ”Sunce nam je zajedniËko”, Trebinje (Mijat PA©ALI∆-KRESO, Lejla SOMUN-KRUPALIJA and Miodrag ©aroviÊ, –urica Bora, IvaniπeviÊ Stana, LonËar Draæenka, ÆIVANOVI∆. »uËkoviÊ Sneæana, –eriÊ Jovanka, VuËureviÊ Biljana, BoπkoviÊ Mila); Association of Blind People of the Sarajevo Ana ABDELBASIT and Sarina BAKI∆, Project Assistants, for Canton (Fikret Zuko, Miljko Branko, AntiÊ Amira, ©akanoviÊ their huge contribution to the work of the NHDR-2007 Bejza); Blind Women's Committee (HadæiÊ Amina); BiH team. Union of Blind People (NiπiÊ Risto); Centar za Kulturu UNDP BiH Editorial Team Dijaloga, Sarajevo (Selma DizdareviÊ); Centar za Ljudska Prava, Mostar (Gordana Blaæ); Centar za Socijalni Rad, Christine McNAB, UNDP Resident Representative in Bosnia Trebinje (Mira ∆uk); Red Cross of the Tuzla Canton, Tuzla and Herzegovina; Stefan PRIESNER, UNDP Deputy Resident (Tanja BijediÊ); Association of Citizens DIA, Novi Grad Representative; Armin SIR∆O, Senior Portfolio Manager; (Branislav »arakovac); Dom Mladih, Sanski Most (Nidæara Richard MARSHALL, Poverty Specialist; Susanne MILCHER, BiπËeviÊ); FBiH Association of Blind People (KuloviÊ Almas); Social Inclusion Specialist; Tim O'BRIEN, Economic Policy Fondacija lokalne Demokratije, Sarajevo (Lejla MujkiÊ); Analyst; Klelija BALTA, Gender Programme Manager; Forma F (Marina MarjanoviÊ); Gender Equality Agency of Alexandre PRIETO, Programme Manager; Christian HAINZL, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Gender Centre of the Federation Programme Manager; Massimo DIANA, Portfolio Specialist; of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Ane JakπiÊ, Vikica ©unjiÊ); Nicola TIEZZI, UNV Programme Officer; and Dæenan Gender Centre of the Republika Srpska (Spomenka KruniÊ); KAPETANOVI∆, Programme Associate. Korak dalje, Srbac (Slobodan Suvajac), Korak Kozarska, Special Acknowledgements Dubica (Branko SaviÊ); Ministry for Labour, Social Protection, Displaced Persons and Refugees of the Sarajevo The representatives of the governmental working group, for Canton (Ibrahim Kariπik); Medica, Visoko (Selena Tufek); their substantial contribution and valuable comments to OKC Radio Balkan, Banja Luka (–ore ©eπum); Omladinska the overall quality of the report: Azra IBRAHIMAGI∆, informativna agencija, Sarajevo (Vanja VukoviÊ); Prijateljice, Directorate for European Integrations BiH; Ljubo LEPIR, Tuzla (Emir HasanbaπiÊ, Sehaveta SraboviÊ); Referentna Assistant Minister, RS Ministry of Health and Social grupa, Tuzla (Merima Habul BaËiÊ, Sanela ©ehiÊ); Romano Welfare; Sran LJUBOJEVI∆, Assistant Director, Directorate Centro, Zenica (Salko MusiÊ, BeganoviÊ Asim, MusiÊ Naima, for European Integrations BiH; Edin ©ABANOVI∆, Senior BeganoviÊ Jasmina, BeganoviÊ ©aban, SejdiÊ Elda); Adviser for Sampling Methodology, BIH Agency for Svjetionik, Prijedor (Davorin ©ikman, Bojana MedareviÊ); Statistics; Azemina VUKOVI∆, Head of Office EPPU-PIM; Svjetski univerzitetski servis, Sarajevo (Marina Vasilj); Asim ZE»EVI∆, Assistant Minister, Ministry for Labour and Zdravo da ste - Omladinski centar Kastel, Banja Luka (Jelena Social Policy of the FBIH. RadivojeviÊ-Stupar); Zemlja Djece, Tuzla and OC Pinkland, Special acknowledgment also goes to the consultation BanoviÊi (Tatjana MiËiÊ); Æena BiH, Mostar (Azra pool, comprising civil society organizations and public HasanbegoviÊ); Æene Æenama, Sarajevo (Nazmija institutions with their representatives for their great HadæimusiÊ). contribution: Editing: Lynne O'Donoghue Agency Ara, Bijeljina (Jagoda PetroviÊ and Dragan KekiÊ); Agency for Marketing, Media and Social Research: Alfa, BihaÊ (Dragica BiukoviÊ); Alter Art, Travnik (Alen PRISM RESEARCH, Sarajevo, with particular thanks to Dino AganoviÊ); Association of People with Muscular Dystrophy –IPA and Esma SARAJLI∆ MEBARKI. of the Sarajevo Canton (©ahmanija Almir); Association of Deaf People of the Sarajevo Canton (Proho Jasna); Translation: Sabina BERBEROVI∆, Danica ∆UK, Senada Association Oaza (HadæimusiÊ Nazmija, Pamuk Adisa); KRESO, Maja LJUBOVI∆, Danijela VALENTA and Ivona ZEKI∆. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme. NHDR-final 3/1/07 11:12 AM Page 3 National Human Social Inclusion Development Report 2007 in Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 CONTENTS Acknowledgments 2 Contents 3 List of Tables, Figures and Boxes 5 List of Acronyms 8 Foreword 9 Executive Summary 10 CHAPTER 1. WHAT IS SOCIAL INCLUSION AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? 15 1. The Meaning of Social Inclusion 16 2. Relationship with the Human Development and the Rights-based Approaches 17 3. The Rights-based Approaches 19 4. Synergies with Social Inclusion 19 5. Social Exclusion in the Bosnian and Herzegovinian Context 21 6. Consequences of Conflict 21 7. Material Exclusion in BiH 23 8. The Future 24 Human Development Indices - BiH 9. The Path to Europe and the EU Policy Framework 25 Characteristics 10. Summary and Conclusion 28 CHAPTER 2. THE STATE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN BIH AND PATTERNS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION 29 1. Human Development Indices - BiH Characteristics 30 2. The Social Exclusion Indices for BiH 31 3. The Key Dimensions and Excluded Groups 33 4. Review of Key Groups 35 5. Gender Aspects of Social Exclusion 43 6. The Drivers and Causes of Social Exclusion in BiH 44 7. Summary and Conclusion 44 CHAPTER 3. SOCIAL EXCLUSION, POST-CONFLICT DISCRIMINATION AND ETHNIC DIVISION 47 1. Ethnic Division and Exclusion 48 2. The Structural and Institutional Drivers of Ethnic Division 48 3. Direct Ethnic Discrimination and Exclusion 50 4. Ethnic Division, Attitudes to Social Solidarity and the Retardation of Social Processes 51 5. Summary and Conclusion 53 CHAPTER 4. A SOCIAL INCLUSION AGENDA FOR BIH 55 1. Crafting a Policy Framework in BiH Fit for European Standards 56 2. Inclusion Priorities 58 3. Summary and Conclusion 67 CHAPTER 5. ECONOMIC EXCLUSION 69 1. The Economic and Policy Context 70 2. The Dimensions of Economic Exclusion in BiH Today 73 NHDR-final 3/1/07 11:12 AM Page 4 National Human Social Inclusion Development Report 2007 4 in Bosnia and Herzegovina 3. Gender Aspects of Economic Insecurity 77 4. Finding Ways Forward 81 5. Policies to Achieve Inclusion 82 6. Summary and Conclusion 87 CHAPTER 6. EDUCATION AND LIFE-LONG LEARNING 89 1. Social Exclusion and Education 90 2. Education in Today's BiH 92 3. Gender Issues 101 4. The Future 102 5. Summary and Conclusion 106 CHAPTER 7. HEALTH: THE NEW APPROACH AND SOCIAL INCLUSION 109 1. Key Concepts: Well-being, Health and Inclusion 110 2. Health in BiH 111 3. Healthcare in BiH 113 4. Future Orientation and Policies 118 5. Summary and Conclusion 119 CHAPTER 8. SOCIAL PROTECTION - FROM SOCIAL ASSISTANCE TO SOCIAL INCLUSION 121 1. Welfare and Social Assistance in BiH Today 122 2. Key Reforms - Moving from Assistance to Inclusion 126 3. The Pension System 129 4. Gender Aspects of the Social Protection System 130 5. Summary and Conclusion 131 CHAPTER 9. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION 133 1. Key Concepts: Participation, Civil Society and Public Space 134 2. Civil Society Organizations and Interest Groups 134 3. The Media 139 4. The Electoral Process and Formal Politics 141 5. Summary and Conclusion 145 CHAPTER 10. CHARTING A WAY FORWARD FOR BIH 147 1. Overall Reflections 148 2. Towards a Social Inclusion Strategy for Bosnia and Herzegovina 148 3. Summary of Sector Findings 151 4. Summary and Conclusion 157 ANNEXES: 159 Annex 1: Estimation of the Human Development Indices 160 Annex 2: Estimation of the BiH Human Social Exclusion Indices (HSEI) 179 Annex 3: Laeken Indicators for Bosnia and Herzegovina 185 Annex 4: Survey on Social Exclusion 197 Bibliography 207 NHDR-final 3/1/07 11:12 AM Page 5 National Human Social Inclusion Development Report 2007 in Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 LIST OF TABLES NO. TITLE PAGE Monthly Household Income, including all Wages and Income of all Household Table 1 66 Members, Child Allowance, Pension and all other Sources of Income (in %) Table 2 Changes in Poverty Rate 2000-2004 taken from the MTDS Revision (EPPU, 2005) 70 Table 3 Population of Working Age by Activity, Sex and Entity (%) 74 Table 4 Population of Working Age by Activity, Sex and Entity (%) 75 Table 5 Duration of Unemployment by Sex (%) 75 Table 6 Share of Economically Active Women by Entity and for BiH, 2003-2004 77 Table 7 Income Distribution between Men and Women, BiH 2003-2004 78 Table 8 Satisfaction with Living Conditions according to Education Level 91 Table 9 Health Insurance Coverage in BiH during 2005 114 Cantonal Distribution of Annual Revenues per Insured Person and Expenditures Table 10 116 on Pharmaceuticals in 2005 Table 11 Overview of Insurees and Insured Persons in FBiH in 2005 117 Table 12 Overview of Insured Persons in RS in 2005 117 Table 13 Social Protection Beneficiaries in BiH 123 Table 14 Minors who are Social Protection Beneficiaries, by Entity 123 Table15