FOCALITY AND EXTENSION IN KINSHIP ESSAYS IN MEMORY OF HAROLD W. SCHEFFLER FOCALITY AND EXTENSION IN KINSHIP ESSAYS IN MEMORY OF HAROLD W. SCHEFFLER EDITED BY WARREN SHAPIRO Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of Australia ISBN(s): 9781760461812 (print) 9781760461829 (eBook) This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ legalcode Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover photograph of Hal Scheffler by Ray Kelly. This edition © 2018 ANU Press To the memory of Harold Walter Scheffler, a compassionate man of the highest scholarly standards Contents List of Figures and Tables . ix Acknowledgements . xiii Contributors . xv Part I. Introduction: Hal Scheffler’s Extensionism in Historical Perspective and its Relevance to Current Controversies . 3 Warren Shapiro and Dwight Read Part II. The Battle Joined 1 . Hal Scheffler Versus David Schneider and His Admirers, in the Light of What We Now Know About Trobriand Kinship . 31 Warren Shapiro 2 . Extension Problem: Resolution Through an Unexpected Source . 59 Dwight Read Part III. Ethnographic Explorations of Extensionist Theory 3 . Action, Metaphor and Extensions in Kinship . 119 Andrew Strathern and Pamela J. Stewart 4 . Should I Stay or Should I Go? Hunter-Gatherer Networking Through Bilateral Kin . 133 Russell D. Greaves and Karen L. Kramer 5 . Properties of Kinship Structure: Transformational Dynamics of Suckling, Adoption and Incest . 177 Fadwa El Guindi 6 . Of Mothers, Adoption and Orphans: The Significance of Relatedness in a Remote Aboriginal Community . 203 Victoria Katherine Burbank Part IV. Extensionist Theory and Culture History 7 . Enhancing the Kinship Anthropology of Scheffler with Diachronic Linguistics and Centricity . 227 Patrick McConvell Part V. Questioning Extensionist Theory 8 . Why Do Societies Abandon Cross‑Cousin Marriage? . 263 Robert Parkin 9 . Toward Reinvigorating an Ethnolinguistic Approach to the Study of ‘Kin Terms’: A View from Nascent‑based Zuni Relational Terminology . 303 Linda K . Watts Part VI. Extensionist Theory and Human Biology 10 . Creeping Plants and Winding Belts: Cognition, Kinship, and Metaphor . 327 Bojka Milicic 11 . Kinship in Mind: Three Approaches . 343 Doug Jones 12 . Do Women Really Desire Casual Sex? Analysis of a Popular Adult Online Dating/Liaison Site . .. 369 Michelle Escasa‑Dorne and William Jankowiak Index . 395 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1. Kin-term product of L (aunt) and K (daughter) is M (cousin) .......................................76 Figure 2a. Structure of the American/English kinship terminology ...81 Figure 2b. Structure of the Shipibo kinship terminology ..........81 Figure 3. Minimal graph of the positions, indicated by boxes, making up a Family Space .............................84 Figure 4. Graph of the Family Space with a self position for reference. .88 Figure 5. Kin-term product of parent with itself generates a new kin-term relation, parent o parent, given the name grandparent ...90 Figure 6. Primary kin terms and structural equations for generating the American/English terminology .......................97 Table 1. Pumé sample description ..........................149 Figure 7. Pumé postmarital dispersal patterns from natal village for first marriage ...................................149 Figure 8. Pumé postmarital residence patterns .................150 Figure 9. Postmarital residential stability for Pumé residents .......151 Figure 10. Reassessment of hunter-gatherer postmarital patterns from Marlowe (2004: 280). .153 Figure 11. Schematic model of a married hunter-gatherer’s relationship to bilateral kin under two common residential patterns ..........................................159 Figure 12. Brothering matrilateral parallel cousins ..............183 ix FOCALITy AND ExTENSION IN KINSHIP Figure 13. Template 1 and Hypothetical Case 1, employed in UREP project as a kinship elicitation method ...........187 Figure 14. Ethnographic interview conducted by Raneen, student researcher on the project .......................187 Figure 15. Depiction of mother–son and text illustrating incest and avoidance .....................................189 Figure 16. Depiction by author representing kin positions in the sura to demonstrate prohibitions ..................190 Figure 17. Somebody’s mother’s sister is equivalent to that somebody’s mother, and reciprocally, some woman’s sister’s descendant is equivalent to that woman’s own descendant ....229 Figure 18. Somebody’s father’s brother is equivalent to that somebody’s father, and reciprocally, some man’s brother’s descendant is equivalent to that man’s own descendant ......229 Figure 19. Somebody’s mother’s brother’s child is equivalent to that somebody’s own brother’s child, and reciprocally, somebody’s father’s sister’s child is equivalent to that somebody’s father’s sibling ............................230 Table 2. Common equations and paths of semantic change in Australian kinship terms ...........................231 Figure 20. Transitional polysemy ...........................232 Figure 21. Extension in change: Whistler on Wintun ............233 Figure 22. Murdock on Wintun kinship system reconstruction ....234 Figure 23. Whistler vs. Murdock on Wintun kinship system reconstruction .....................................234 Figure 24. A diachronic sequence of Omaha skewing in Australia ..239 Figure 25. Kaala MB > Cross-cousin/spouse ...................240 Figure 26. *tyuwa+: Woman’s child > FZC > Sister-in-law ........241 Figure 27. Aluridja grandparents ...........................243 Figure 28. *tyamu MF > MF + FF in Western Desert ............244 Figure 29. Kami and Kaparli ..............................244 Figure 30. Kariera to Aluridja ..............................245 x LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 31. Katya brother > son .............................248 Figure 32. The change brother > son ........................250 Figure 33. Zuni household-group roles .......................311 Figure 34. Image schema of the domain of plants and the domain of clothing. .335 Figure 35. The mind as a chapel ............................337 Table 3. Descriptives of the sample ..........................375 Table 4. Type of encounter sought by males and females .........379 Table 5. Sexual content of profiles ..........................381 Table 6. Females’ motives listed by sexual orientation ............382 xi Acknowledgements First and foremost, I must acknowledge the hard work of my fellow contributors, and their tolerance in putting up with my multitudinous editorial remarks. Here, Dwight Read deserves special mention for directing my focus, especially in the Introduction. Peter Wood of the National Association of Scholars provided encouragement, and helped pay for the cost of copyediting. Ray Kelly sent me the cover photo for this book. Jan Simpson, Hal’s widow, supplied additional encouragement, as did Mary Smith, her secretary. Christine Huber of the ANU Press Humanities and Arts Editorial Board was especially helpful and supportive during the early stages in the preparation of this volume. Finally, Carolyn Brewer did an outstanding job of copyediting. Warren Shapiro Brooklyn, New York July 2017 xiii Contributors Victoria Katherine Burbank is Professor Emerita of Anthropology at the University of Western Australia. She is currently engaged in a cooperative research project on the sociocultural context in which Aboriginal adolescents make or do not make decisions about their sexuality. Her publications include An Ethnography of Stress: The Social Determinants of Health in Aboriginal Australia; Fighting Women: Anger and Aggression in Aboriginal Australia; and Aboriginal Adolescence: Maidenhood in an Australian Community. Michelle Escasa-Dorne is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs. She received her PhD in anthropology from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas in 2012. Her areas of research interest are human behavioural ecology, human reproduction and sexuality, maternal health, and evolutionary medicine. Corresponding areas of geographical interest include the United States, Ecuador and the Philippines. Russell D. Greaves is a Research Associate with the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University, a Consulting Scholar with the American Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, and an Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Utah. His archaeological background focuses on hunter-gatherer adaptations to varied and changing environments, primarily in the American West, as well as geoarchaeology and taphonomic research. He has carried out ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological fieldwork with hunter-gatherers in Venezuela, comparative studies with related horticulturalists, as well as with Maya agriculturalists in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. xv FOCALITy AND ExTENSION IN KINSHIP Fadwa El Guindi is currently Retiree Anthropologist at the University of California, Los Angeles. She was formerly Distinguished Professor and Head of the Department of Anthropology at Qatar University. She has carried out ethnographic research in Nubia, Qatar, and among the