Before Disaster Strikes Imperatives for Enhancing Defense Support of Civil Authorities The Report of the Advisory Panel on Department of Defense Capabilities for Support of Civil Authorities After Certain Incidents to the Secretary of Defense and the Chairmen and Ranking Minority Members, Committees on Armed Services, U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives September 15, 2010 Publication Notice The Advisory Panel on Department of Defense Capabilities for Support of Civil Authorities After Certain Incidents was established by Section 1082 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, Public Law 110-181 (January 26, 2008). That Act directed that a Federally Funded Research and Development Center provide research, analytical, and other support to the Advisory Panel during the course of its activities and deliberations. The RAND Corporation has provided that support, under contract from the Department of Defense, since the Advisory Panel’s inception. This report is a document of the Advisory Panel, not a RAND publication. It is being submitted to the Secretary of Defense and the Committees on Armed Services of the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives in accor- dance with requirements in the enabling legislation. It is not copyrighted but does contain material from copyrighted sources. Copies of the report may be obtained via the Internet at http://www.rand.org/nsrd/DoD-CBRNE-Panel/. About the RAND Corporation RAND’s mission is to improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. Although RAND confronts different policy challenges over time, its principles remain constant. RAND research and analysis aim to • Provide practical guidance by making policy choices clear and addressing barriers to effective policy implementation. • Develop innovative solutions to complex problems by bringing together researchers in all relevant academic specialties. • Achieve complete objectivity by avoiding partisanship and disregarding vested interests. • Meet the highest technical standards by employing advanced empirical methods and rigorous peer review. • Serve the public interest by widely disseminating research findings. The Advisory Panel on Department of Defense Capabilities for Support of Civil Authorities After Certain Incidents Steve Abbot September 15, 2010 Chairman Frank Keating The Honorable Robert M. Gates Vice Chairman Secretary of Defense The Pentagon James Carafano Washington, DC Dennis Celletti The Honorable Carl Levin The Honorable John McCain James Greenwood Chairman Ranking Member Committee on Armed Services Committee on Armed Services Jerry Grizzle United States Senate United States Senate Washington, DC Washington, DC Ronald Harrison Timothy Lowenberg The Honorable Ike Skelton The Honorable Howard P. “Buck” McKeon Chairman Ranking Member James Metzger Committee on Armed Services Committee on Armed Services U.S. House of Representatives U.S. House of Representatives George Nethercutt Washington, DC Washington, DC Raymond “Fred” Rees Mr. Secretary, Chairmen, and Ranking Members: Dennis Reimer It is with a profound sense of urgency that we deliver the report of the Advisory Ervin Rokke Panel on Department of Defense Capabilities for Support of Civil Authorities After Certain Incidents. This is a matter of critical national importance. All of us who have worked in the area of domestic disaster response know that there are factors that complicate effective response to major incidents. They include the constitutionally designed Federal system of governance, the guard- ing of prerogatives by participants at all levels, “stove-piping” among the Federal family, and the lack of integrated planning at all levels. These factors will most certainly complicate a response to a major chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or high-yield explosive incident, but they must not stand in the way of essential and timely preparation. Such an incident will happen. It is only a matter of time. The stakes are too high to delay action. It is an obligation of all those in positions of responsibility to immediately search for, discover, and implement solutions to overcome the barriers to effective response. It is a national imperative. Notwithstanding the lower probability of the occurrence of such an incident compared with hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, wildland fires, and other natural disasters, the potential consequences demand that we quickly find those solutions. The subject is complicated, and there is more urgent work to be done. In the year of the Panel’s deliberations, we have identified a number of findings and recommendations that will enhance Department of Defense capabilities for support of civil authorities and also significantly improve related policy, processes, and struc- tures in other Federal agencies and at the State and local levels. Action is required now to implement these recommendations. Let me commend Frank Keating, the Vice Chairman, and my other colleagues on the Panel for their service over the past twelve months. They brought to the table both a vast amount of experience and the energy and dedication required to address this matter of critical national importance. We are grateful to have had the opportunity to serve. Very respectfully, Steve Abbot Chairman Preface The Advisory Panel on Department of Defense Capabilities for Support of Civil Authorities After Certain Incidents (hereinafter, “Advisory Panel”) was established by Section 1082 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, Public Law 110-181, January 26, 2008 (as fur- ther amended by Section 1034, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, Public Law 111-84, October 28, 2009). Those statutory provisions require the Advisory Panel to submit a report to the Secretary of Defense and to the Committees on Armed Services of the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives not later than 12 months after the date of its initial meeting, which occurred on September 15, 2009. The Advisory Panel is required to include in that report its findings, conclusions, and recom- mendations for improving the capabilities of the U.S. Department of Defense to provide support to U.S. civil authorities in the event of a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or high-yield explosive incident. Given the critically important relationships between numerous entities of gov- ernment at all levels—Federal, State, and local—and, potentially, private sector and international entities in the effective provision of such support, the Advisory Panel report also contains findings and recommendations that apply to entities outside the U.S. Department of Defense. Findings and recommendations in this report should be of interest to departments and agencies of the Federal Government with responsibilities for protecting against, preparing for, and responding to chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or high-yield explosive incidents; to Governors and to other State, territorial, and local officials with similar responsibilities; to entities in the private sector that may have capabilities to support a government response to such an incident; and to allied and friendly governments whose assistance may be offered or requested. The statutory provisions that established the Advisory Panel required the Secretary of Defense to contract with a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC) to provide support and assistance to the Advisory Panel in carrying out its duties. The RAND Corporation’s National Defense Research Institute (NDRI) was selected by the Office of the Secretary of Defense as the supporting FFRDC. NDRI conducts research sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community. FFRDC support and assistance to the Advisory Panel was sponsored by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and Americas’ Security Affairs and was conducted within RAND’s Homeland Security and Defense Center. For more information on RAND’s Homeland Security and Defense Center, contact the Direc- tor, Andrew Morral. He can be reached by email at [email protected]; by phone at 703-413-1100, extension 5119; or by mail at the RAND Corporation, 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, Virginia 22202-5050. More information about RAND is available at www.rand.org. i Contents Preface.............................................................................................................. i Executive Summary............................................................................................ v Acknowledgments............................................................................................. xv Abbreviations................................................................................................. xvii I. Introduction................................................................................................... 1 The.Purpose.of.the.Advisory.Panel.............................................................................. 1 Congressional.Mandate.......................................................................................... 1 Organization.and.Structure...................................................................................... 2 Other.Statutory.Requirements.and.Restrictions.............................................................. 4 Advisory.Panel.Activities.and.Deliberations..................................................................