Romania, a country study Federal Research Division Romania, a country study Table of Contents Romania, a country study.........................................................................................................................................1 Federal Research Division.............................................................................................................................2 Foreword........................................................................................................................................................7 Preface............................................................................................................................................................8 GEOGRAPHY...............................................................................................................................................9 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS..................................................................................10 NATIONAL SECURITY............................................................................................................................11 Chapter 1. Historical Setting........................................................................................................................12 The Getae.....................................................................................................................................................13 The Age of the Great Migrations.................................................................................................................15 The Magyars' Arrival in Transylvania.........................................................................................................16 ROMANIA...................................................................................................................................................17 Foreword......................................................................................................................................................18 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...........................................................................................................................19 Preface..........................................................................................................................................................20 Country Profile.............................................................................................................................................21 GEOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................................................22 ECONOMY.................................................................................................................................................23 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS..................................................................................24 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS.............................................................................................................25 NATIONAL SECURITY............................................................................................................................26 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................27 Chapter 1. Historical Setting........................................................................................................................36 EARLY HISTORY FROM PREHISTORY TO THE ELEVENTH CENTURY.......................................37 The Getae.....................................................................................................................................................38 Roman Dacia................................................................................................................................................40 The Age of the Great Migrations.................................................................................................................41 TRANSYLVANIA, WALACHIA, AND MOLDAVIA FROM THE ELEVENTH..................................42 The Magyars' Arrival in Transylvania.........................................................................................................43 Origins of Walachia and Moldavia..............................................................................................................44 The Ottoman Invasions................................................................................................................................45 TRANSYLVANIA UNDER THE HABSBURGS, 1688−1867..................................................................48 The Uniate Church.......................................................................................................................................49 The Reign of Joseph II.................................................................................................................................50 The Revolution of 1848...............................................................................................................................51 Unification of Transylvania and Hungary...................................................................................................52 WALACHIA AND MOLDAVIA UNDER THE RUSSIAN PROTECTORATE, 1711−.........................53 The Russian Protectorate.............................................................................................................................54 The Crimean War and Unification...............................................................................................................56 ROMANIA AND TRANSYLVANIA TO THE END OF WORLD WAR I, 1861− 1919.........................57 Romania under Charles of Hohenzollern−Sigmaringen..............................................................................58 The Balkan Wars and World War I.............................................................................................................60 Greater Romania and the Occupation of Budapest......................................................................................62 GREATER ROMANIA TO THE END OF WORLD WAR II, 1920−45...................................................63 The Agrarian Crisis and the Rise of the Iron Guard....................................................................................65 World War II................................................................................................................................................67 Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation...........................................................................................69 POSTWAR ROMANIA, 1944−85..............................................................................................................70 i Romania, a country study Table of Contents Romania, a country study Petru Groza's Premiership............................................................................................................................72 Elimination of Opposition Parties................................................................................................................74 The Romanian People's Republic................................................................................................................75 The Post−Stalin Era.....................................................................................................................................77 Gheorghiu−Dej's Defiance of Khrushchev..................................................................................................79 The Ceausescu Succession...........................................................................................................................80 Dynastic Socialism and the Economic Downturn........................................................................................82 Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment...............................................................................................84 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT....................................................................................................................85 Topography..................................................................................................................................................86 Climate.........................................................................................................................................................88 POPULATION.............................................................................................................................................89 Demographic Policy.....................................................................................................................................90 Settlement Structure.....................................................................................................................................92 Traditional Settlement Patterns....................................................................................................................93 Rural−Urban Migration................................................................................................................................94 Systematization: A Settlement Strategy.......................................................................................................95 ETHNIC STRUCTURE...............................................................................................................................97