FAO FORESTRY PAPER 12 china: forestry support for agriculture report on a fao/undp study tour to the people's republic of china 11 august - 30 september 1977 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome 1978 The designationa employed and the p .....ntation of material in thia publication do not imply the expreaaion of any opinion whataoever on the pan of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations conceming the legal atatua of any country, territory, city or area or of ita authoritiea, or concerning the delimitation of ita frontiers or boundaries. Jl-30 IS. 9~5-100695-4 The copyright in this book is veated in the Food and Agriculture Orga­ nization of the United Natlons. The book may not be reproduced. in whole or in pan, by any method or proceaa, without written permlllion from the copyright holder. Applications for auch permiaion, with a ataternent of the purpoae and extent of the reproduction deaired, ahould be add..-cl to the Director, Publications Diviaion, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United' Natione, VIa delle Terrne dl Carecalle, 00100 Rome; Italy. CFAO 1978 CHINA u. s. s. with mak1 adIM1Istrative subdivisions and their capitals ./................ ....... -. {'\ ........ ' ")0-"-. '-."-'-.'""\.'--' ._. ...".. r ~ MONGOLIA lIIIUWfG (1IiMWIIJ AIITOMOIIOU? .... _............. ~ ':'; ·-···-~V~ .. ····· .... ··· .. ······r .. :;·: ~~ .\............. A~~ION .......................i i ". 1- '-.. .\-., '.,...... ~~ ('.'" :'3 . I NOlA <: \..-.) iBANGL~' I ~OES~j' i'" ---.L-J \ lJ fA .J BURMA PHILIPPINES MIHAN 100. tooo .... IH.... uw ITINERARY QlI' THE FAO Sl'UDY TOUR TO CHINA ON FORES'l'RY SUPPORT FOR AGRICULTURE 11 Augu.at-30 Sept_ber 1911 - v - ACKNCMLEI:XlMmrS The group wishes to express its deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to UNDP, FAO and the Chinese Government for providing this invaluable opportunity of learning about forestry support for agrioulture in China and seeing it in practice and of ezcha.nging ideas on this aubject. Special appreciation goes to z"r. Li Yungo-kai for the excellent organization and to Mr. Li Shih~, who accompanied the group from the beginning to the end (always with care, oourtesyand kindness), as well as to the representatives of the revolutionlU'y committees, officials of the IUnistry of Foreign Affairs and all field officers and members of communes, production bri~es and production teams met. Last but not least, of course, the group wishes to thank Mr. Tung Chin1:'-sung and )tlss Kung Chien-ying, the interpreters who accompanied the group, for their difficult task whioh they performed m~st ably. - vii - 'l'ABLE OP CCIiVJiR3ICfl FAC'l'OR;3 IN'lBOlXJC'l'I Cfl xi Chapter 1 BACKGROOHD INFORNA'l'ICfi 1.1 General 1.2 Conditions Related to Forestry Jupport for AgriOl1lture Before 1949 4 1.3 Aohievements Sinoe 1949 4 Chapter 2 ORGANIZA'l'IONAL S'l'RUC'IDRE, EDUCA'l'IQ', RE3EARCH AND EllTmSICfl AFFJlCTING FORESTRY 3UPPOR'l' FOR AGRICULTlIRE 8 2.1 Organizational struoture 8 2.2 muoation 10 2.3 Researoh 16 2.4 Erten.ion 18 Chapter 3 POLICY Alm PLAlmING 20 3.1 General 20 3.2 Polioies Affeoting Forestry SUpport for AgriOl1lture 20 3.3 Planning Prooedures 22 3.4 Plan Implementation 26 Chapter 1 Hai F'C!U:3'1'RY 3UPPOR'l'J AGRICUL'ruRE 28 4.1 Effeot on Forestry of China's Agricultural Policy 28 4.2 ''Four Around" Plantation (''Four 3ides" Forestry) 28 4.3 3helterbelts 35 4.4 Sand-dune Jtabilization 41 4.5 Afforestation of Bazoe 1·1011ntains 43 4.6 Watershed- r.,ana,eement 45 4.7 Plantation of Fall't-growing Tree 3pecies for 'l'1mber Produotion 47 4.8 Tree Crops Yieldina Immediate Cash Returns 61 4.9 Interoropping 75 Chapter 5 P03JIBLE ADA.P'1'A'l'ICfl OF PRAC'l'ICE3 'l'O O'l'HliR CommuE3 77 5.1 Shelterbelts 77 5.2 Coastal Windbreaks 77 5.3 ''Four Around" Plantation 78 5.4 InteroroppiD6 78 5.5 Plantation of Fast-ez'owtng Tree Species for 'l'1mber Produotion 79 5.6 Tree Crops Yielding Immediate Cash Returns 80 5.7 Integrated Plaaning 80 5.8 Research, '1'1'ain1na and Demons1;re.tion 80 - viii - !:!i! Cha2ter 6 RECmnolENDATIONS 81 6.1 Multilateral Follow-up Projects 81 6.2 Bilateral Follow-up Projects 82 6.3 Other Suggestions 83 Almend1x 1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE STUDY TOUR 84 A1!2!ndix 2 ITINERARY 86 Almendlx ~ PEOPLE MET 91 Al!~ndix ~ LIST OF SELECTED TREE SPECIES FOUND IN CHINA WITH INDICATION OF MAJOR DISTRIBUTION PATTERN AND USES 96 A2l!!ndix .2 ENGLISH NAMES OF SELECTED TREE SP!X;IES FOUND IN CHINA 99 Appendix 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 102 -ix- LIST OF TABLES ~ 1. Ratio of Farmland to Population 25 2. Growth Rates of Poplars in a Shelterbelt 38 3. Effects of Shelterbelts on Mioroolimate 39 4. Effeotive Density on Tree Growth of Cunninghamia Lanceolata 54 LIST oF FIGURES Plantation along river, Habei (Hapeh) Province 32 Plantation along canal, Habei (Hapeh) Province 33 Shelterbeltl orop protection and fodder production, Liaoning Province 36 Shelterbeltl protection and increased yield, Liaoning Province 40 Dense and ill-pruned ~ massoniana plantation, Habei (Hapeh) Province 44 6. Integrated watershed development, Hunan Province 46 7. Larce-scale CunniAghaeia plantation, Habei (I~peh) Province 49 8. Plantation on terraces and temporar,y nursery on short terraces, Hubei (Hupeh) Province 50 A ditch is dug between rows of Cunninghamia, Hubei (Hupeh) Province 51 10. Grass and Legumes are buried in the ditch, Hubei (Hupeh) Province 52 11. The ditch is then recovered, Habei (Hapeh) Province 53 12. Eight-year-old Sassafras plantation, Hunan Province 57 13. Replacement of !!Ea! massoniana with E. elliottii and P. taeda (foreground), HUbei (Hupeh} Province 58 14. Coaat&1 And-dune fixation with Casuarina, Guangdong (Kwangtung) Province 60 15. Fruit tree plantation, Henan (Honan) Province 62 16. Chinese date (Ziziphus), Henan (Honan) Province 63 17. Stand improvement in Thea oleosa natural crowth, Hunan Provinoe -- 65 18. Livistona as a cover crop, Guangdong (Kwangtung) Province 70 19. Bamboo, Cunni~ia and Sassafras plantation, Hubei (Hupeh Province 71 20. Bamboo stems, Hubei (Hupeh) Province 72 21. Top pruning of bamboo, Habei (Hupeh) Province 73 -:1:- 1 IDI1 • 0.066 ha ha • 15 IDI1 j1n • 0.500 k8 1.00 yuan .. 0.6 USS (1978)* 1.00 Uss • 1.66 yuan (1978)* ltAt the time of the et~ tour (AUB\lBt-September 1977) the uohaDBB rate wu appZ"Oximately 1 yuan • $0.5 or $1 • 2 yuan. The figures for ooets, revenue, eto. are in general Biven in this report in yuan only. However, on po 37 (para•. 4), where both yuan and dollars are riven, the dollar figure is oalculated aooo:r41ng to the 1978 exchange rate shown above. - xi- INmOOOC'l'ION Teohnioal oontaots between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and. the People's Republio of China, at various levels, were started after it became a member of the Organization on 1 April 1913. These oontaots were developed into, aDlOIl8 other things, organized group study tours in '1916 and 1911. &.oh group oonsisted of about 20 persons, including a teM! leader f'l'om PAO, and. partioipants from Member Countries with ezpertise in the subjeots to be studied. The dtudy' Tour on Forestr,r SUpport for Agriculture, whioh started on 11 August 1911 and ended on 13 September 1911, was one of these tours. The group oonsisted of three FAO staff members, including the Team Leader, and 15 senior offioers of 11 Asian and African M_ber Nations. The candidates from Malaysia, Uganda and Zambia had to canoel their trips at the last moment for various reasons. (For list of partioipants see Appendix I). The main purpose of the study' tour was to find out how forestr,r supports agrioulture in the PeOple's Republic of China. Its objectives werel to observe and analyse the Chine.. approach to foreatr,r development whereby it is integrated into and. supports agriculture; and to uamine how some aspsots of the Chinese experienoe might be applied. in the oountries represented on the study' tour. The fhlds oovered wers rather general but well ohosen to demonstrate the link between forestr,r and agriculture. In spite of a ver.r heavy progr8lllllle and the faot that it was followed by the partioipants with the utmost interest, it was not possible to oover all the fields indioated in the letter of instruotion. The prog1'8llllle oovered. the following maJor fieldsl ehelterbelts, ooasta1 windbreaks and "four around" tree plantation, plant­ ation of fast-growing tree species for timber produotion, afforestation of bare land, tree orops yielding iDIIIed.iate oash returns, interoropping, watershed. -.nagement, integrated. development planning and programme implementation. The studY' tour oonlisted of (a) indoor briefing~ (b) field viSits~ (0) exchange of ideas and experienoes in oonoluding disOUIaions whenever posaible and ld) preparation of the dnU't report. The latter was done mostlY' after meals, sometim .. late in the evenings, and finalized. in Beijing (Peking) before departure. The report ia based. on the grouP's obaervations and. explanations given to them during the four-week period. Most of the pa.1'tioipants assembled. in KaZ'aohi between 8 and 10 AugIlst before proceed.­ ing to Beij:l.ng (Peking). The Team Leader gave a first general briefing in I<'a.raohi and a supplementarJ one in Be1j1ng (Peking). Bea1.des elaborating on the purpose of the study' tour, hs 1nformed. the partioipants that after a faw days of field trips an outline of the report would be worked. out and that members 1IOU1d be requssted. to prepare their oontribut­ ionl to relevant chapters aooording to their background. General briefing was given bY' Mr. Li Shih-IOmg, Director, Forest Ruouroes DiviSion, Minilt1'7 of Agriculture and Forestry.