Update on PFAS in Michigan and Best Practices for Industry John Cuthbertson Lucy Pugh Use of PFAS Building and Chemicals and Aerospace Apparel Electronics Construction Pharmaceuticals Healthcare and Aqueous Film Oil & Gas Energy Semiconductors Hospitals Forming Foam Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 2 Fluorinated Chemistry Overview Carbon-fluorine bonds: – The H is replaced with a F – Very strong, inert – Resists thermal, chemical, and biological degradation – Surfactant, reduced surface tension – Hydrophobic(repels water) and oleophobic (repels oil/fat/grease) Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 3 PFAS Manufacturing Practices • Electrochemical Fluorination (ECF) – 3M 1940s-2002 • Fluorotelomerization (FT) – Pure • ECF – Converted to Short Chain (PFOS - PFBS) 2002-2015 • FT – Remained Long Chain • ECF –Short Chain 2015-2018 • FT – Converted to Short Chain (PFOA - GenX) Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 4 Potential PFAS Sources Wastewater Treatment Refineries Emergency Response Land Application Plants Landfills and Waste Metal Plating Various Manufacturing Disposal Areas Pulp & Paper Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 5 PFAS Sources in Painting and Coating Products •Coatings •Paint •Surface Treatments Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 6 PFAS Use in Automotive Industry Engine Interiors Fuel Systems Steering and Break Systems Ø Gaskets Ø Carpets Ø Seals Ø Ø O-Rings Ø Seats Ø Oil Coolers Shock Absorbers Ø Engine Oil Coolers Ø Valve Bodies Ø Brake Pad Additives Ø Various Seals Ø Liquid and Vapor Ø Various Seals Lines Ø Ø PTFE Bearings PTFE Bearings Ø Fuel Tanks Ø Ø Back-up Rings Column Adjustment Ø Filler Necks Ø Valve Packings Ø Connectors Ø Gaskets Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 7 Ø Oxygen Sensors Increasing Awareness Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 8 Michigan PFAS Sites –Department of Defense (DoD) –Refineries –Paper Mills –Various Manufacturing –Wastewater Treatment Plants –Landfills –Plastic Manufacturers –Chrome Platers –Car Manufacturers / Suppliers Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 9 MDEQ - 11,000 Potential PFAS Sites Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 10 Michigan Industrial Pretreatment Program (IPP) o Initial screening for potential PFAS sources o Perform source monitoring o Reduce/Eliminate PFOS and PFOA sources o Evaluate impacts on the WWTP o Submit reports Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 11 IPP Case Study - Former Chrome Plater Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 12 Michigan PFAS Public Water Supplies Sampling • 1,400 Community Water Supplies o Municipalities o Apartment o Complexes o Subdivisions o Condominiums, etc. • 460 Schools • 10 Tribal Entities • 75 % of Michigan Residents Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 13 Case Study - Paper Mill Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 14 Michigan PFAS PWS Results Summary • 1,147 Results / 854 Individual Facilities Total PFAS > 10ppt Non-Detect Total PFAS < 10ppt PFOS+PFOA PFOS+PFOA > 70ppt ≥ 10 to ≤ 70 ppt 1,024 89 30 4 Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 15 Challenges qAnalytical Methodology qWhich method to run qWhat lab to use qList of constituents qCost of analysis qTurnaround times qSampling Procedures qInvestigation Paradigm Shift qReopeners Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 16 Environmental Impacts to Groundwater –Groundwater • Spills • Firefighting • Firefighting practice drills • Leaking piping systems Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 17 Environmental Impacts to Wastewater –Wastewater • Partitioning to solids • Effluent discharge to surface water • Effluent discharge to municipal sewer oMunicipal wastewater treatment effluent oMunicipal wastewater treatment plant biosolids Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 18 Environmental Impacts - Other –Airborne discharges • Incinerators • Cooling towers • Air strippers –Waste • Landfill leachate Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 19 PFAS Emissions at a Manufacturing Facility CSM ITRC, 2018 Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 20 Treatment Challenges - Separation Technologies Resins (+) Ion Exchange Concentrated Waste Chemical Regeneration (Reusable) Granular Activated Waste Carbon Incineration ($) Disposal GAC Reactivation Potential Reuse Concentrated Waste Reverse Osmosis or Nanofiltration Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference Treatment Challenges – Destructive Technologies Advanced Oxidation Plasma Electrochemical Oxidation Sonolysis (Ultrasonic) Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 22 In Summary –The desirable properties of PFAS make them difficult and expensive to remove from environmental media such as soil, groundwater and wastewater. –Groundwater and wastewater discharges to surface or groundwater must meet regulatory standards for PFOS and PFOA; limits for additional PFAS constituents may be enforced in the future. –Municipal wastewater treatment plants are unlikely to provide treatment for PFOA and PFOS. • New industrial pretreatment requirements will be developed and enforced. • Industry will be responsible to meet requirements for wastewater discharge. • Municipality may seek restitution for past impacts to biosolids. Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 23 Think About . –Historical PFAS uses? –Are PFAS present/used at my facility? • Do they have potential to impact the environment? oSpills oWastewater oWaste oAir • Can substitutes be used? • Can PFAS be isolated for separate handling? oMay be less expensive to handle lower volumes oOff-site destruction oOn-site treatment –Will PFAS in my products have potential to impact my customers’ operations? Michigan Chemistry Council 2018 Annual Conference 24 Thank You! John M. Cuthbertson, C.P.G. Lucy Pugh, P.E., BCEE Central Region PFAS Practice Lead Industrial Water and Wastewater Technical Practice Leader o Grand Rapids, MI o Grand Rapids, MI o (616) 481-4009 o (616) 450-0127 Michigano [email protected] Council 2018 Annual Conference o [email protected].