3. MANNER of articulation (cont’d) • How and to what extent the airstream is Phonetics and Phonology blocked (completely, incompletely). Lecture 5: Consonants (introduction) (cont’d) KAMIYAMA, Takeki [email protected] 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 2 Manners of articulation Fricatives: the case of the alveolar fricatives Alveolar ridge Complete closure articulators Tongue tip or t f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h blade • Phase 1: one articulator moves toward another, or two articulators move toward each other, so as to form a stricture with a very narrow passage. Incomplete closure2020-2021 T. Kamiyama PhoneticsWells and Phonology & House Lecture 5(1995) Kelly (2000)3 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 4 Fricatives: Fricatives: the case of the alveolar fricatives the case of the alveolar fricatives Alveolar ridge Alveolar ridge articulators articulators Tongue tip or t Tongue tip or t blade blade • Phase 2: the airstream passes through the • Phase 3: the articulators (the tongue blade narrow passage between the articulators, and the alveolar ridge) move away. creating a continuous hissing sound (heard as friction) caused by turbulent airflow. 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 5 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 6 Fricatives: Fricatives: the case of the alveolar fricatives the case of the alveolar fricatives • Acoustics and perception: demonstration Clark & Yallop (1995) 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 7 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 8 Affricates: Manners of articulation the case of the palato-alveolar affricates Alveolar ridge - hard palate Complete closure articulators tʃ dʒ Tongue blade t • Affricate: plosive (stop) + fricative. Incomplete closure2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 Kelly (2000)9 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 10 Affricates: Affricates: the case of the palato-alveolar the case of the palato-alveolar affricates affricates Alveolar ridge Alveolar ridge - hard palate - hard palate articulators articulators Tongue blade t Tongue blade t t • 1. Closure phase: one articulator moves • 2. Hold phase: a total stricture is formed. No toward another, or two articulators move air escapes from the vocal tract. Air is toward each other, so as to form a stricture that compressed behind the stricture and the air allows no air to escape from the vocal tract. pressure rises. 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 11 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 12 Affricates: Affricates: the case of the palato-alveolar the case of the palato-alveolar affricates affricates Alveolar ridge Alveolar ridge - hard palate - hard palate articulators articulators Tongue blade ʃ t Tongue blade t • 3. Friction phase: the articulators move apart, • Phase 4: the articulators (the tongue blade and but not as rapidly as in plosives. They stay the alveolar ridge) move away. close enough to create a turbulent airflow, causing a hissing sound as in a fricative. 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 13 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 14 Affricates: the case of the palato-alveolar Manners of articulation affricates • Acoustics and perception: demonstration Complete closure m n ŋ Incomplete 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 15 closure2020-2021 T. Kamiyama PhoneticsWells and Phonology & House Lecture 5(1995) Kelly (2000)16 Nasals Nasals Nasal vowels Nasal consonants • The soft palate (velum) is • The soft palate lowered so that the airsteam (velum) is lowered will pass through the nasal so that the airsteam cavity, but not through will pass through the oral cavity because the nasal cavity. of a complete stricture at some point in the oral cavity. 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama P. AshbyPhonetics (1995)and Phonology Lecture 5 17 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama P. AshbyPhonetics (1995) and Phonology Lecture 5 18 Nasals: Nasals: the case of the bilabial nasal the case of the bilabial nasal Pharyngeal wall Pharyngeal wall Velum Velum Upper lip Upper lip articulators articulators Lower lip t Lower lip t • Phase 1: the velum is lowered as the • phases articulators (lips) approach each other. 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 19 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 20 Nasals: Nasals: the case of the bilabial nasal the case of the bilabial nasal Pharyngeal wall Pharyngeal wall Velum Velum Airflow through the nasal cavity Upper lip Upper lip articulators articulators Lower lip No airflow through t Lower lip t the oral cavity • Phase 2: air flows out through the nose, but • Phase 3: the velum is raised again (if the following not from the mouth. sound is oral) as the articulators (lips) come apart. 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 21 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 22 Nasals: Manners of articulation the case of the bilabial nasal • Acoustics and perception: demonstration Complete closure r j w Incomplete 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 23 closure2020-2021 T. Kamiyama PhoneticsWells and Phonology & House Lecture 5(1995) Kelly (2000)24 Approximants: • Compare: the case of the palato-alveolar (post- Approximants Fricatives alveolar) approximant Back of the alveolar ridge articulators t t Tongue tip t narrow enough to generate turbulence • The articulators come close, but not enough to create turbulence: there is no hissing sound. 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 25 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 26 Manners of articulation Lateral approximants: the case of the alveolar lateral approximant Complete Alveolar ridge closure articulators Tongue blade t approximant l • The articulators come close and make a complete closure in the centre of the vocal tract, but air escapes through one or both sides: there Incomplete is no hissing sound. closure2020-2021 T. Kamiyama PhoneticsWells and Phonology & House Lecture 5(1995) Kelly (2000)27 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 28 Manners of articulation: summary • Compare: (or stop) rr ll (lateral approximant) Catford (1988) 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 29 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 Kelly (2000)30 folds Les consonnes du français lieu Labio- Dental / Post- Uvu- Bilabial Palatal Vélaire mode dental alvéolaire alvéolaire laire Occlusive p b t d k ǧ (orale) pou boue tout doux cou goût (Occlusive) m n Ǹ (č) French consonants nasale mou nous agneau parking f v s z ȉ Ș ȇ Fricative fou vous sous zoo choux joue roue l Latérale loup j Approxi- (w) ǫ w non- voisée mante yacht voisée oui huit oui fille 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 32 Practice: transcription Consonnes : 3 critères de classement • <chat> • <ail> • <haut> • <beaucoup> • Voice • Voisement • <bouger> • <châteaux> (voiceless/voiced) (sourde/sonore) • <gare> • <partager> • Place • Lieu • <cygne> • <huître> • Manner • Mode • <rare> • <parking> • <chiche> • <désastre> • <phare> • <croyez> -> ex. “voiced labio-dental -> ex. « fricative labio- fricative” dentale sonore » 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 33 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 34 Consonants on the IPA chart 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 36 End of Lecture 5 Lecture 6: Vowels 2020-2021 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 5 37.