DOCUMETT RESUIIIE 3D 124 484 SO 009 22/ AUTHOR Pice, Marion .1.; Barnes, 'Buckley E. TITLE Cultural Continuity art Change in Mexico and the United States. INSTITUTION ,Georgia UniT., Athens. Anthropology Curriculum Project. TET.'0737 PUB DATE 76 NOTE 20p. AVAILABLE FROMAnthropology Curriculum Project, University of Georgia, 107 Dudley Hall, Athens, Georgia 0601 ($2.50) ED'S PR:CE MP -50.83 Plus Postage. SC Not Available from, EDES. DESCRIPTORS *American Culture; American Historyg,*Comparative 'Analysis; Cross Cultural Studies; Cultural Background; Cultural Differences; Cultural Pa Cultural Int4rrelationships; Cultural Traits; Elementary Secondary Education; Land Settlement .Language; *Latin American Culture; Political. Attitudes; Religion; Social Studies IDE7IfIERS Mexico; United-States ABS..1BACT Culture is the main subject of this student material for a quarter, one-semester course on a comparative study of Mexico and the tnited States. The ongoing processes of -continuity and change in culture and their relationship are emphasized. The firstchapter is 'devoted to the concept of culture, the totalway of life of a people from language and games to work and housing. Thenext chapter examines.the processes involved in cultural change andtke reasons why culture's do not remain the sane, including their stabilityand lag. Spanish, Indian, and English, cultural heritages ar9%discussedin the, third chapter. Heritage refers to the fact that modern-day Americans and Mexicans are what theyare because of their past. Subsequent chapters deal with language, religion, landtenure and labor, and'political institutions. These particular aspectsof culture show how cultures remain stable while changeoccurs. -Each chapter contains an organization section that prEicedes the chapter's text and proiides an overview of main ideas discussed. The first three chapters can be used-as supplementary material incourses on religion; geography, or political science. (Author/ND) ************************************************************************ Documents acquired- by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makesevery effort * * to obtain the best copy available. .Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reprOducibility,4, are often encountered and this affectsthe quality * * of the-microfiche and ]iardcopy reproductions ERIC makes, available * * yia the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS).EDRS is not .*. * gasponsib4 for tke quality of, the original document. Reproductions* * supplied by EBBS are the best that can be made from the original. * *********************************************************************** . , S of fltarit*ElaMLittsaJaVrkt. -. .! E.Wr..f.drietilItcrrrvtc or wor-s..t.oeg .........11.-...Al SSE% a UP20- -.. 1 1.!, aftf .V.:.-1.1;eyw. 1'0.:,.S. ZL' tV41...;:. 4tttL V.,V4, t,.2 V2 CO t4,014 i' 441`,. V'? 4'1 04 E 4:- OA 'I. f !.. :.S2 ,..', kEl.at ..L. E Z Zi: .....11 , L.L..4..V.t..1.S. i ' :/. ' ,',.. ':.4,8,11. ,,.., .-r.3."-V.. CULTURAL COtfrINUITY- ,and CHANGE in MEXICO and by AZUHROPOLOGY CURRICULUM PROJECT M. 1RICE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA B R BARNES M 1 ICE, DIRECTOR AP CULTURAL CONTINUITY and. CHANGE in MEXICO and the MUTEDSTATES Marion J. Rice Buckley R. Barnes Publication No. 76-1_ Anthropology Curriculum Project University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 1976 3 , s ) , .. c c.. Copyright o 1976 AnthroAhogy Curriculum Project I 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE FOREWORD vii INTRODUCTION x UNIT ORGANIZER ,1-. CULTURE Chapter Organizer 2 Culture is Learned 4 Biology 5 Only Man has Language 5 Only Man has Culture 6 Cultural Universals Cultural Trait Variations 8 Material Culture 8 Nonmaterial Culture 9 Conclusion. 10 IL CULTURAL CHANGE Chapter Organizer 11 Cultures Change 14 Causes of Cultural Change Sedtion Organizer 15 Discovery 17 Invention 17 .Diffusion 19 Acculturation 21 Cultural Stability.andCultural Lag Section Organizer 23 Cultural.Stability . ... 24 ' Cultural Lag 26 Acceleration of Change, Planned Change and Resistance to Change 1/4 Section Organizer 27 'Acceleration of Change 28 Planned Change, -29 Resistance to Change 31 Conclusion 35 III THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES Chapter organizer 36 Heritage 37 5 CHAPTER PAGE Spanish and Indian Heritage of Mexico . 37 English Heritage of the United States . - . 38' ---AcCulturation -in . _39 Dominance of English. Traits in the. unit6estates Culture 40 Conclusion 41 IV -CHANGES IN THE' LANGUAGE TRAITS OF MEXICOAND THE 'UNITED STATES' . thapter Organizer 42 V RELIGION'IN)!4EXICO AND THE UNITED STATES Chapter Organizer . 48 Conversion of the Indians Christianity: MeXice' Section Organizer ..... 54 i'he Effect of Prophecy 56 Haman Sacrifice . 57 Force : . 57 Spanish Missionary Effort . 58 Syncretism ..... A .! 59 The Virgin of= Guadalupe . .. 64 Conversion of the Indians 60 Christianity; United Staties Section Organizer .". ,67 The English Missionary Effort . 68 -.Th:tiew England Example of.Indian Conversion . ..... 69 The_Spanish.Missionary Effort in the United States 70 UnitN.and Diversity in the Catholic and - i>rotestant Colonial Traditions ire Meicico-and the United States .Section Organizer 72 Establishment and Disestablishment . 73 Unifoimity and Diversity in . 'Religion 74 -Seculars and-Jesuits-in Mexico . 76 Religious conformity and diversity: religious thought 78 The Great Awakening and the Great Revival 79 Rationalism: Deism and Unitarianism in the United States 80 a 6 C' CHAPTER' PAGE The Emergence of NewProtestant Churchessin the United States: Diversity Increases ectiorLZIrganizer 82 The Baptist Church ). 83 Growth of Catholic Churchin the United States 85 Religious Intolerance Section Organizer 87 Religious bigotry and intolerance in colonial period 88 Nativism and Anti-Catholicismin the United States 90 Anti-Semitism in the UnitedStates . 91 Anti-Protestantism in Mexico 93 Political Role of tfie Church Section Organizer , . a . 94 The Wealth of the Church, 97 Mexico 99 enited States 101 Religion in Mexico and- the United States Today Section Qrganizer 103 VI LAND TENURE, LABOR, AND INCOMEIN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES Chapter Organizer 109 Land Tenure and Labor Before European Contact 112 Land Tenure and-Labor in Mexicoin the Colonial Period. Section OrganiZer 116 Encomienda 118 Repartimiento 120. Hacienda and debt peonage. 120 Slavery 121 Free wage labor 121 Non-agricultural labor 122 Land.Tenure and Labor in Mexico Since . Independence Section Organizer 123 Expansion of the hacienda System . 125 The ejido system 125 Non-agricultural labor and income . 126 Income e . 127 7 CHAPTER PAGE Land Tenure and Labor in the United- States 4e- Section-0Ygenizer .- . .4-, . .- . 129 Land tenure . : ... .._...1,_ ., . 131 Labor shortage rderenture and' elavery 132 The family farm in the United States 135 Increase of size of farms . , : :.. 135 Bracero labor 136 Labor and labor unions in the United- States 136 Conclusion - 138 VII POLITICAL INSTIAJIIONS IN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES Chapter Organizer 141 Political Institutions of the Aztecs and Eastern Woodland Indians Section Organizer 143 Aztecs 144 Eastern Woodland. Indians 144 Spanish and English Political Insti- tutions at Time of First Settlement Section Organizer... ... 154__ Centralization and Decentralization: Environment and Tradition Section Organizer -., 157 Mexico , 158 Centralization of Government in New Spain 161 United States 162 Decentralization in the English 1 _ Colonies ' 164. Representation: The Road to American - Independence , Section Organizer 165 Social Class and Revolution in Mexico and the United States Section Organizer' .. .'170 mexioo 171 United States . 171 Stable Political Development in the United States --.1 Section Organizer,. , 172 Instability, Reform, Reaction, and Revolution in Mexico Section Organizer 177 iv CHAPTER PAGE The Contemporary Political Heritage: United States and Eexico Section Organizer 182 'Constitution 183 Federal System 184'- _President . : . 184 Political Parties 185' Congress 185 Judi?iary 186 Army 187 Church f 187 Socialism and Capitalism 188 . .... Summary% . 11. L 4 V A LIST OF TABLE TABLES PAGE 1 Cultural Change Model 16 2 Comparison of Aztec-Catholic Religious Traits, Early Sixteenth Century 61 3 National Income and Income per person . 140 4 Comparison of Political Institutionsof Mexico g. the United States 146 5 Centralization of Government in'New Spain . 161 6 Decentralization in the EnglishColonies . 164 1 4. 10 4 vi FOREWORD This student text Cultural Continuity andChange in Mexico'and the United States embodies two dginct features-- advance-orggazgF-FEff comparative methodology. The advance organizer is adapted from D. P. Ausubel's theory of reception learning, and is a systematic overview of the major ideas to te taught. There are three leveli of 1organizers-2-unit, 4apter, and section. These organizers appear on separate pages, preceded by the letters AO. The study and reading of the advance organizers may be omitted, but the theory of their use suggests that if the student first gains some knowledge of what he is to study in depth, he acquires anchoring concepts to which more detAiled information may be subsequently adapted. ' The second distinctfeatleis the comparative approach, an adaptationtrom ethnology, Instead of two separate ac-' counts of the history of Mexico arid the history of the United States, an attempt is made to coMpare and contrast, to point out similarities as well as differences, arld attempt to explain and not:merely to describe. For this reason, most chapters