Final Report Vehicle-to-Grid Demonstration Project: Grid Regulation Ancillary Service with a Battery Electric Vehicle Contract number 01-313 Alec N. Brooks Principal Investigator Prepared for the California Air Resources Board and the California Environmental Protection Agency AC Propulsion, Inc. 441 Borrego Ct. San Dimas, CA 91773 www.acpropulsion.com December 10, 2002 Disclaimer: The statements and conclusions in this Report are those of the contractor and not necessarily those of the California Air Resources Board. The mention of commercial products, their source, or their use in connection with material reported herein is not to be construed as actual or implied endorsement of such products. Acknowledgements Many people have provided valuable assistance in this project. David Hawkins, Yuri Makarov, and Sirajul Chowdhury at the California ISO were especially helpful in explaining some of the inner workings of operating a power grid and in providing data. Stuart Johnson at Volkswagen of America provided extended access to a prototype Beetle electric vehicle. Ahmad Pesaran, Matt Keyser, and Mark Mihalic at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory performed lab testing of battery input/output efficiency. In addition to those noted above, discussions with the following individuals were very beneficial: Willett Kempton and Jasna Tomic at the University of Delaware; Tim Lipman at the University of California Berkeley; Chris Marnay at Lawrence Berkeley Labs; Steve Gehl and Dan Rastler of the Electric Power Research Institute; Edan Prabhu of Reflective Energies; Michel Wehrey, Naum Pinsky, Tom Dossey and West Williams of Southern California Edison; Bill Warf and Bud Beebe at the Sacramento Municipal Utilities District; Vikram Budhraja and Carlos Martinez of The Electric Power Group; Jack Dolan of the City of Glendale Water and Power, Joe Ianucci of Distributed Utility Associates; Rick Weston of The Regulatory Assistance Project; Ali Vojdani of Utility Integration Solutions; and Adly Girgis of Clemson University. At AC Propulsion, Rob Norman wrote the needed software, designed the test protocols and ran the testing. Neil Baker integrated the new drivetrain electronics into the vehicle. The funding support for this project by the California Air Resources Board is gratefully acknowledged. This report was submitted in fulfillment of ARB contract number 01-313 by AC Propulsion under the sponsorship of the California Air Resources Board. Work was completed as of October 21, 2002. i Table of Contents 1. ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................... 1 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................... 1 2.1 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................... 1 2.2 METHODS ............................................................................................................................ 2 2.3 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 2 2.4 DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................... 3 2.5 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 3 3. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 GRID REGULATION ................................................................................................................ 4 3.2 DRIVETRAIN TECHNOLOGY WITH BI-DIRECTIONAL GRID INTERFACE ........................................... 8 3.3 VEHICLE TO GRID OPERATING SCENARIO.................................................................................. 8 3.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................... 10 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS............................................................................................... 10 4.1 VEHICLE CONVERSION TO V2G CAPABILITY ........................................................................... 10 4.2 DETERMINE SUITABLE VEHICLE AGC DISPATCH COMMANDS................................................... 11 4.2.1 Regulation Power Profile by Scaling Dispatch Data................................................. 13 4.2.2 Regulation Power Profile by Pro-Rata Allocation..................................................... 14 4.3 SOFTWARE AND CONTROL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT................................................................. 16 4.3.1 Simulated ISO.......................................................................................................... 16 4.3.2 Aggregator............................................................................................................... 17 4.3.3 Driver Interface ........................................................................................................ 17 4.3.4 Vehicle Software and V2G Controls........................................................................... 22 4.4 GRID REGULATION .............................................................................................................. 22 4.5 BATTERY EFFICIENCY ......................................................................................................... 25 4.6 VALUE ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................... 25 4.7 DEPLOYMENT ISSUES .......................................................................................................... 26 5. RESULTS ................................................................................................................................27 5.1 GRID REGULATION TEST RESULTS......................................................................................... 27 5.1.1 Battery Energy Throughput ...................................................................................... 27 5.1.2 Battery Pack Capacity .............................................................................................. 30 5.1.3 Wireless Performance................................................................................................ 31 5.1.4 Value Created........................................................................................................... 32 5.2 BATTERY EFFICIENCY TEST RESULTS.................................................................................... 34 6. DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................... 35 6.1 VALUE GENERATED ............................................................................................................. 35 6.2 DEPLOYMENT ISSUES .......................................................................................................... 36 6.2.1 Grid OperatorsÕ Acceptance of New Forms of Regulation......................................... 36 6.2.2 Grid Interconnection ................................................................................................ 38 6.2.3 Distribution Grid issues............................................................................................. 39 6.2.4 Regulatory - Markets ................................................................................................ 41 6.2.5 Competition.............................................................................................................. 43 6.2.6 California Electricity Market Redesign...................................................................... 43 6.2.7 Metering and Settlements.......................................................................................... 44 6.2.8 Distribution Companies as an Alternate Customer for Regulation............................. 45 6.2.9 Vehicle Location....................................................................................................... 46 6.2.10 Automaker Support .................................................................................................. 46 ii 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................... 47 8. RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................... 49 8.1 FIND A HOME/CHAMPION/LEAD AGENCY FOR V2G................................................................. 49 8.2 ADDRESS UTILITY DISTRIBUTION GRID ISSUES....................................................................... 49 8.3 PILOT DEPLOYMENT IN FLEET............................................................................................... 50 8.4 OPERATIONS Ð BETTER DETERMINATION OF GRID REGULATION DISPATCH LEVELS FOR VEHICLES.50 8.5 BATTERY TESTING .............................................................................................................. 50 8.6 REGULATORY DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................... 50 8.7 FUTURE APPLICATIONS........................................................................................................ 51 9. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 52 10. GLOSSARY OF