Center for Urban Forest Research Areas of Research: Investment Value Mission Statement Energy Conservation We conduct research that demonstrates new ways in which trees add value to your community, converting results into financial terms Air Quality to assist you in stimulating more investment in trees. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, Water Quality political beliefs, sexual orientation and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audio-tape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at: (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).To file a complaint of discrimination, write: USDA Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W,Whitten Building, 14th and Independent Avenue, SW,Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call: (202) 720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Firewise Landscapes City of Bismarck, North Dakota Street Tree Resource Analysis Paula J. Peper, E. Gregory McPherson, James R. Simpson, Scott E. Maco, Qingfu Xiao Acknowledgments Paul Blumhardt, Jeff Heintz, and Rebecca Haag (Bismarck Forestry Department) provided valuable information for this report. Jesse Hoekstra (CUFR) coordinated data collection with assistance from Tommy Mouton (CUFR), Jeff Heintz, and Keith Nelson (Bismarck Forestry Department). This report relied on data obtained from other organizations and has not been subjected to the peer-review process. i City of Bismarck, North Dakota Street Tree Resource Analysis Paula J. Peper, E. Gregory McPherson, James R. Simpson, Scott E. Maco, Qingfu Xiao Table of Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary................................................................................................................................................. vi Chapter One—Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter Two—Bismarck’s Street Tree Resource.................................................................................................... 3 History And Current Management................................................................................................................... 3 Tree Numbers And Stocking............................................................................................................................ 4 Species Composition And Richness................................................................................................................. 4 Importance Value............................................................................................................................................. 5 Age Structure ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Tree Condition ................................................................................................................................................. 6 Relative Performance Index...................................................................................................................... 6 Location ........................................................................................................................................................... 8 Maintenance Needs .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter Three—Costs Of Managing Bismarck’s Street Trees................................................................................ 9 Fiscal Year 2001-2002 Program Expenditures................................................................................................. 9 Costs Of Managing Public Trees .............................................................................................................. 9 Tree Planting And Establishment ............................................................................................................. 9 Mature Tree Care...................................................................................................................................... 9 Administration .......................................................................................................................................... 10 Other Tree-Related Expenditures External To The City Forestry Program ..................................................... 10 Sidewalk And Curb Repair....................................................................................................................... 10 Wood-Waste Program............................................................................................................................... 10 ii Chapter Four—Benefits Of Bismarck Municipal Trees .......................................................................................... 11 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................... 11 Energy Savings ................................................................................................................................................ 11 Electricity And Natural Gas Results......................................................................................................... 11 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reductions ................................................................................................ 12 Air Quality Improvement................................................................................................................................. 13 Deposition And Interception Result.......................................................................................................... 13 Avoided Pollutants And BVOC Emissions Result ................................................................................... 13 Net Air Quality Improvement................................................................................................................... 13 Stormwater Runoff Reductions........................................................................................................................ 14 Property Values And Other Benefits................................................................................................................ 14 Total Annual Net Benefits And Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) ............................................................................. 15 Chapter Five—Management Implications............................................................................................................... 19 Resource Complexity....................................................................................................................................... 19 Resource Extent ............................................................................................................................................... 21 Pruning & Maintenance ................................................................................................................................... 21 Chapter Six—Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 23 Chapter Seven—References .................................................................................................................................... 25 Appendix A: Methodology And Procedures............................................................................................................ 28 Growth Modeling............................................................................................................................................. 29 Identifying & Calculating Benefits .................................................................................................................. 30 Energy Savings ......................................................................................................................................... 30 Electricity And Natural Gas Methodology........................................................................................ 31 Single-Family Residential Adjustments ............................................................................................ 31 Multi-Family Residential Analysis.................................................................................................... 36 Commercial And Other Buildings..................................................................................................... 36 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reduction .......................................................................................... 36 Avoided CO2 Emissions Methodology.............................................................................................. 37 iii Improving Air Quality .............................................................................................................................. 37 Avoided Emissions Methodology ....................................................................................................