Ann Microbiol (2014) 64:421–429 DOI 10.1007/s13213-013-0699-5 REVIEW ARTICLE Potential applications and emerging trends of species of the genus Dietzia: a review Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi & Seyed Hadi Razavi & Mohammad Mousavi Received: 19 May 2013 /Accepted: 25 June 2013 /Published online: 28 August 2013 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg and the University of Milan 2013 Abstract Interest in attractive biological sources with et al. 2002), human clinical specimens (Yassin et al. 2006; multicriteria applications has been increasing during recent Jones et al. 2008; Kämpfer et al. 2012), plant tissues (Li et al. years. This study scrutinized the applications of Dietzia bac- 2008), soils (Mayilraj et al. 2006;Lietal.2009; Yamamura teria for future prospects. Apart from such present and well- et al. 2010), the air in a duck barn (Kämpfer et al. 2010)anda established applications—as in therapeutic biotreatments for traditional Korean food (Kim et al. 2011). adult paratuberculosis animals, production of carotenoid pig- Dietzia maris, D. natronolimnaea, D. psychralcaliphila, D. ments, and animal feed additives—their uses in biosurfactants cinnamea, D. kunjamensis, D. schimae and D. cerdiciphylli, and biodemulsifiers production, the pollutants bioremedia- D. papillomatosis, D. lutea, D. aerolata, D. timorensis, D. tion, biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons and crude alimentaria and D. aurantiaca are thirteen species from this oil and also production of extracellular polymeric substances genus at the time of writing. Many researchers showed that (EPSs) have been exploited. The use of these bacteria as a these bacteria are Gram-positive, aerobic, short rod- and biotechnological tool may lead to improve the optimization coccoid-like, non-motile, non-endospore forming, non-acid and quality assurance of food ingredients and products, the fast, oxidase-positive and catalase-positive. The colonies capability of degradation and remediation of environmental morphology of these species was small, smooth, circular pollutants, and the efficiency of bioconversion systems for and convex. Optimum growth temperature and pH for the energy recovery and bioprocessing of value-added products. different strains also were 25–30 °C and 7–8, respectively. Among all of the species, D. timorensis ID05-A0528T had Keywords Dietzia . Bioremediation . Biosurfactant . the lowest tolerance level to NaCl. This strain also was able Industrial fermentation . Carotenoid pigmentation to utilize a wide range of compounds individually as a sole carbon source. Short-chain mycolic acids were present in these bacteria. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic Introduction acid, arabinose and galactose; the glycan moiety of the cell wall contained acetyl residues. The DNA G+C contents of Dietzia spp. are broadly distributed in nature. These bacteria strains ranged from 64.7 (D. alimentaria 72T) to 73 mol % have been isolated from widely different environments, even (D. maris DSM 43672T). The most important phospho- including the deepest sea mud of the Mariana Trench lipids in these strains were diphosphatidylglycerol, (Takami et al. 1997), deep-sea sediments (Colquhoun et al. phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, 1998), an alkaline East African soda lake (Duckworth et al. phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The 1998), a drain pool of a fish-egg processing plant (Yumoto species D. schimae (2.9 %), D. cinnamea (8.3 %), D. timorensis (48.0 %), D. aurantiaca (25.9 %), and D. psychralcaliphila (13.9 %) had the highest amounts of C , : : 14:0 S. M. T. Gharibzahedi S. H. Razavi (*) M. Mousavi C15:0,C16:0,C17:0,andC18:0 fatty acids, respectively (Rainey Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory (BPEL), Department of Food et al. 1995; Gharibzahedi et al. 2013a). Science, Engineering & Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Some strains identified as representing species of the Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, Karaj 31587-77871, Iran genus Dietzia are potential human pathogens in immuno- e-mail: [email protected] competent (Pidoux et al. 2001) and immunocompromised 422 Ann Microbiol (2014) 64:421–429 (Click and Van Kampen 2010) patients. These bacteria also and most importantly, the lack of a successful protective have many applications in many industries, especially the vaccine or therapeutic drug treatment (Click and Van medical, chemical and food industries. Click and Van Kampen 2009; Click and Van Kampen 2010; Click 2011). It Kampen (2010) reported a number of strains of these bac- accounts a great economic problem on dairy, sheep and goat teria could be used as potential probiotic to inhibit farms in throughout worldwide (Click and Van Kampen Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) 2010). under in vitro culture conditions. These strains, compared It is expected that the use of Dietzia bacteria as probiotics to the antimicrobial drugs, have fewer medical complica- with similar activities to antimicrobial drugs will result in tions. Some of the Dietzia species described to date have less medical complications. Recently it was reported that been revealed to degrade aliphatic hydrocarbons such as n- Dietzia subsp. C79793-74 as a probiotic could inhibit devel- alkanes (Alonso-Gutiérrez et al. 2011;Biharietal.2011; opment of factors indicative of bovine paratuberculosis after Rainey et al. 1995;Yumotoetal.2002). There have also potential in utero, birthing and colostrum exposure to MAP. In been reports on the aromatic compounds degradation by other words, the daily probiotic treatment of Dietzia success- Dietzia strains (Bødtker et al. 2009). Iwaki et al. (2008) fully increased the survival of cows with early-stage Johne’s found that a Dietzia strain isolated from enrichment cultures disease and in certain cases cured the animal (Click 2011). was able to utilize cyclohexylacetic acid. The surface-active compounds production related to hydrocarbon degradation has been reported (Banat 1995; Mukherjee et al. 2008). Production and application of natural pigment Takeishi et al. (2006) reported xylanolytic strains of the genus Dietzia isolated from the hindgut and faeces of Trypoxylus To date, attempts have been made to formulate the fermen- dichotomus larvae. Rashidi et al. (2009) with the effective tation media and optimization of environmental culture con- biotransformation of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) ditions for increasing the production of carotenoid pigments by Dietzia sp. ENZHR1 concluded that alkane oxygenases by Dietzia sp. It was demonstrated that the CTX (4,4′- of Dietzia spp. can have a significant role in the produc- diketo-β-carotene) is the most common carotenoid produced tion of novel pharmaceuticals. Dietzia strains are the most by Dietzia bacteria. Identification of CTX as predominant promising sources for microbial production of carotenoid carotenoid in these microorganisms was previously carried pigments especially canthaxanthin (CTX) used in the dif- out using an ultraviolet (UV)-HPLC/atmospheric pressure ferent industries such as nutraceuticals, cosmetics, food chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) method and feed industries (Goswami et al. 2012; Khodaiyan (Razavi et al. 2006). D. natronolimnaea HS-1 and D. maris et al. 2007; Khodaiyan et al. 2008; Nasri Nasrabadi and NIT-D identified as the best microbial strains in the CTX Razavi 2010a, c; Gharibzahedi et al. 2013b). production (Khodaiyan et al. 2007; Khodaiyan et al. 2008; Since there is no review article covering the complete Nasri Nasrabadi and Razavi 2010a, c;Gharibzahedietal. comprehensive information of possible applications of 2012b;Gharibzahedietal.2013b). The production and con- bacteria of the genus Dietzia, an attempt is made to write sumption of CTX has increased due to its beneficial health this review article with a main perspective on the use of attributes such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti- bacteria of this genus for creation of innovative industrial tumor, anticancer, or anti-dermatosis, and coloring agent applications and products, and to provide some view- (Gharibzahedi et al. 2012a). points on the current situation and suggestions for future Glucose was an excellent carbon source for the research directions. growth and CTX production by D. natronolimnaea HS-1. However, fructose, sucrose, mannose and also whey lactose were suitable carbon sources for the Potential applications growth and production of CTX by D. natronolimnaea HS-1 in a batch bioreactor. The combination of 10 g/l A summary of potential applications of the different strains peptone and 6 g/l yeast extract was the best nitrogen of the genus Dietzia is presented in Table 1. source among the different studied sources (Khodaiyan et al. 2007). However, Khodaiyan et al. (2008)inan- other investigation found that yeast extract revealed the Biological therapeutic application highest CTX production followed by casein acid hydro- lysate, bactotryptone, peptone and meat extract, respec- MAP can cause a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, tively. The optimum conditions to achieve the highest Johne’s disease, in ruminant animals. This disease may be CTX production (2.87 mg/l) in a batch bioreactor could attributed to the animal movement from one farm to another be obtained by using 55.54 g/l of whey lactose concen- farm, farm intensification and confinement, herd expansion tration and 7.36 g/l of yeast extract concentration. Ann Microbiol (2014) 64:421 Table 1 Useful applications of the different strains of the genus Dietzia