Taggants in Explosives (Part 5 Of

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Chapter Ill TAGGANT RESEARCH REVIEW —. . — — RESEARCH REVIEW Chapter 111.–TAGGANT 51 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">* * * * </li><li style="flex:1">* * * * </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">.</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">0</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">9</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">0</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">0</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">0</li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">9</li></ul>●**** **** **** 900* **4* *a **a********** 51 Taggant Development History Identification Taggants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Predetonation Only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Radiological Tracers. Chemical Assay. . . . . Physical Taggants . . . Summary. . . . . . . . . . 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Detection Taggants. . . . 57 58 Vapor Taggants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary. . . . . . . . . . Detection Taggant Sensor Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......59 ●**** a*** **** **** e.** a*** **** *e* be********* 62 untagged Detectoin Vapor Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..62 Differential Contrast Radiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .....63 Excitation lnduced Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......64 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......65 ●<ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li><li style="flex:1">*</li></ul>65 Program Status ... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 68 Current BAFT/Aerospace Tagget Projected Schedule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ Implementation Philosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . .......69 70 Identification Taggant Surviaval Teasting● **0* **** **m* **09 *b** **em **0** Boosters, Military Explosives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . .......71 Black and Smokeless Powders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......72 Detonators and Detonating Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......72 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......72 Chapter Ill TAGGANT RESEARCH REVIEW INTRODUCTION TAGGANT DEVELOPMENT HISTORY The id e a o f a d d ing m a te ria l to e xp lo sive s to Identification Taggants e nha nc e the p re d e to na tio n d e te c tio n a nd the p o std e to na tio n id e ntific a tio n o f e xp lo sive s ha s b e e n c o nsid e re d b y va rio us m ilita ry a nd c ivilia n a g e nc ie s fo r a t le a st 15 ye a rs. So m e o f the su g g e ste d m a te ria l, su c h a s ra d io a c tive iso - to p e s, w o u ld p e rfo rm b o th fu n c tio n s, so m e c o uld o nly p e rfo rm o ne . A num b e r o f the c o nc e p ts whic h ha ve b e e n p ro p o se d d uring tha t tim e a re b rie fly d e sc rib e d in the fo llo wing sub - se c t io ns. Id e a s fo r ta g g ing m a te ria ls to b e use d fo r id e ntific a tio n o f the so urc e o f e xp lo sive s use d in c rim in a l b o m b in g s a n d b o m b in g a tte m p ts c a n b e g e ne ra lly g ro up e d into the fo llo wing fo ur c la sse s: 1. a d d itio n o f m a te ria ls tha t wo uld no t survive the d e to na tio n, b ut whic h wo uld p ro - vid e in fo rm a tio n if a b o m b w e re re c o ve re d und e to na te d ; 51 52 ●Taggants in Explosives no t le g a lly usa b le in Ne w Yo rk. This d a ta is no t he lp ful to p o lic e in tra c king b o m b e rs b ut d o e s a ssist in c o n tro l o f le g a l u se s o f d yn a m ite within Ne w Yo rk. 2. a d d itio n o f m a te ria ls tha t wo uld p hysic a lly survive the d e to na tio n a nd b e re c o ve re d inta c t; 3. a d d itio n o f m a te ria ls to th e e xp lo sive s tha t wo uld b e d e te c te d in a n a ssa y o f the d e b ris; a nd <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">The Eng lish a p p a re ntly use </li><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">m e tho d so m e - </li></ul>wha t b e tte r tha n the d a te -shift c o d e in tha t the id e n tifyin g c o d e c o n sists o f c o lo re d th re a d s within the e xp lo sive s. The thre a d s d o no t survive the d e to na tio n, b ut the info rm a tio n c o nte nt is no t lo st b y d isc a rd ing the c a rtrid g e , a s is the c a se with the d a te -shift c o d e ; it m a y no t b e p o ssib le , ho we ve r, to e nc o d e suffic ie nt info rm a tio n fo r U.S. ne e d s b y tha t m e tho d . 4. a d d itio n o f ra d io a c tive iso to p e s. Predetonation Only Sin c e 1970, th e d a te , sh ift, m a n u fa c tu re r, a nd p ro d uc t ha ve b e e n p rinte d o n the c a rtrid g e o f c a p -se n sitive h ig h e xp lo sive s. Th e m a nufa c ture r ke e p s re c o rd s, b y tha t d a te -shift c o d e , a nd c a n te ll to who m e a c h b a tc h o f m a - te ria l wa s so ld ; d istrib uto rs a lso a re re q uire d to ke e p re c o rd s o f sa le . It is p o ssib le , fro m th e Radiological Tracers Ad d itio n o f sm a ll a m o u n ts o f ra d io a c tive iso to p e s to e xp lo sive s d uring the m a nufa c turing p ro c e ss is p a rtic ula rly a ttra c tive a s it p ro - d a te -shift c o d e , to c o m p ile p u rc h a se rs o f e xp lo sive s fro m sa m e d a te -shift c o d e . I n fa c t, BATF m a inta ins Na tio n a l Exp lo sive s Tra c in g C e n te r, w h o se <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">list o f la st le g a l </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">lo t w ith th e </li></ul>vid e s the e xp lo sive m a te ria ls fro m the p o std e to na - tio n d e b ris a nd sim p le d e te c tio n m e c ha nism . The re a re la rg e num b e r o f ra d io iso to p e s, so <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">m e c ha nism fo r b o th id e ntific a tio n o f </li></ul>afunc tio n is to c o o rd ina te tha t a c tivity. A typ ic a l tra c e wo uld sta rt with the re c o ve ry o f a n und e to na te d b o m b b y a BATF sp e c ia l a g e nt. He wo uld c a ll into the tra c ing c e nte r with the info rm a tio n, a nd the d a ta wo uld b e fo rwa rd e d to th e m a n u fa c tu re r w h o w o u ld p ro vid e th e list o f c o n su m e rs o r d istrib u to rs; if e xp lo sive s aaa n id e ntific a tio n sc he m e c o uld c e rta inly b e d e - ve lo p e d tha t wo uld p ro vid e suffic ie nt uniq ue c od e sp e c ie s. Th e tw o p rim a ry o b je c tio n s to th is o fte n - p ro p o se d so lu tio n a re p u b lic re a c tio n a n d sa fe ty. Give n the p re se nt wid e sp re a d a ntip a thy to a nything invo lving ra d io a c tivity, it is d o ub t- <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">fro m tha t lo t we re so ld to </li><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">d istrib uto r o r d is- </li></ul>trib uto rs, the y wo uld b e c o nta c te d fo r a list o f re ta il p urc ha se rs. ful if the p ub lic wo uld a c c e p t suc h e ve n if the re we re no sa fe ty ha za rd s. <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">so lutio n, </li></ul>The d a te -shift c o d e info rm a tio n ha s p ro ve n u se fu l in in ve stig a tio n s o f c rim in a l b o m b in g s, Two p o te ntia l sa fe ty ha za rd s e xist, o ne ha vin g to d o w ith se n sitiza tio n o f th e e xp lo sive m a te ria ls, a n d th e o th e r w ith th e e ffe c ts o f lo w-le ve l ra d ia tio n. Ad d itio n o f fo re ig n m a te ria ls to e xp lo sive s p o se s a p o te n tia l se n sitivity ha za rd . Ho we ve r, the a m o unt o f ra d io iso to p e s re q uire d wo uld b e fa r sm a lIe r tha n the m a te - ria l ne c e ssa ry fo r o the r ta g g ing m e c ha nism s, so e xp lo sive se n sitiza tio n w o u ld p ro b a b ly b e no m o re o f a p ro b le m tha n with o the r typ e s o f ta g g a nts. a ltho ug h its utility is Iim ite d whe re the e xp lo sive is re c o ve re d b e fo re d e to - n a tio n , o r in so m e c a se s, w h e re lo w -o rd e r d e to na tio n d o e s no t d e stro y the c a rtrid g e . In a d d itio n, the info rm a tio n is o nly o n c a p -se nsitive hig h e xp lo sive s, a nd o n the p a c ka g e s o f <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">to </li><li style="flex:1">insta nc e s </li></ul>a<ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">a n d d e to n a tin g </li><li style="flex:1">d e to na to rs, b la c k p o w d e r, </li></ul>c o rd . No tra c e d a ta is a va ila b le fo r o the r e xp lo sive m a te ria l, suc h a s sm o ke le ss p o wd e r, ind ivid ua l d e to na to rs, o r e ve n c a p -se nsitive hig h e xp lo sive s tha t ha ve b e e n re m o ve d fro m the c a rtrid g e . The ha za rd s o f lo w-le ve l e xp o sure to ra d ia - tio n a re no t we ll-d e fine d ; the c urre nt tre nd is to w a rd se ve re lim ita tio n o f e xp o su re . Th o u - sa nd s o f p e o p le c o m e into d ire c t c o nta c t with e xp lo sive s e ve ry d a y a t the m a nufa c ture rs, d is- Sm a lle r a m o unts o f info rm a tio n a re g ive n b y o the r syste m s tha t d o no t survive the d e to na - tio n. Fo r insta nc e , a ll d yna m ite le g a lly c o m ing into Ne w Yo rk m ust b e re d . I f d yna m ite is re - <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">c o ve re d tha t is no t re d , it ind ic a te s a p urc ha se </li><li style="flex:1">trib uto rs, a nd use rs le ve l, so </li><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">la rg e num b e r o f </li></ul>Ch. 111—Taggant Research Review . 53 p e o p le w o u ld h a ve so m e e xp o su re . Prim a ry c o nc e rn wo uld b e a t the m a nufa c turing le ve l, w h e re w o rke rs w o u ld h a ve m o re c o n tin u o u s e xp o sure tha n, fo r insta nc e , a use r. Asid e fro m th e a d ve rse p syc h o lo g ic a l e ffe c t th e u se o f tra c e rs m ig ht ha ve o n suc h wo rke rs, a nd the p o ssib le lo n g -te rm e ffe c ts o f lo w -le ve l e xp o - sure , the re wo uld b e a la rg e c o st im p a c t d ue to th e n e e d fo r sp e c ia lly tra in e d p e rso n n e l, a s we lI a s sto ra g e , ha nd ling , a nd d e c o nta m ina tin g e q u ip m e n t. If it w e re n e c e ssa ry fo r th e Nuc le a r Re g ula to ry C o m m issio n to c o ntro l the ship m e nt o f the e xp lo sive s a nd to lic e nse a nd o th e rw ise su p e rvise a ll e xp lo sive u se rs, a d d itio n a l m a jo r c o sts a n d in c o n ve n ie n c e w o u ld o c c ur. e tha no l so lutio ns. By using se ve ra l ra re e a rths <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">a n d b y va ryin g c o n c e n tra tio n s, </li><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">su ffic ie n t </li></ul>num b e r o f uniq ue c o d e s c o uld b e c o nstruc te d . The ta g g a nts we re re c o ve re d fro m the d e b ris w ith e th a n o l-d a m p e n e d c o tto n sw a b s. Th e swa b s we re the n a ssa ye d in the la b o ra to ry b y io n -e xc h a n g e m e th o d s; a n a lysis w a s a c c o m - p lishe d b y X-ra y e xc ite d o p tic a l lum ine sc e nc e te c hniq ue s. Dra wb a c ks to the Am e s ta g g a nts inc lud e d se nsitiza tio n o f the e xp lo sive s b y the e tha no l c a rrie r, a h ig h b a c kg ro u n d le ve l, p a rtic u la rly fo r d e to n a tio n s ta kin g p la c e n e a r o r o n th e <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">g ro u n d , a n d </li><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">ra th e r sp e c ia lize d la b o ra to ry </li></ul>p ro c e d ure ne c e ssa ry fo r the ta g g a nt a ssa y a nd id e n tific a tio n . A fina l d ra wb a c k is tha t re a d ing o f the info rm a tio n e nc o d e d in the p o std e to na tio n d e - Physical Taggants <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">b ris wo uld b e </li><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">fa irly c o m p lic a te d la b o ra to ry </li></ul>This c la ss o f ta g g a nts is d e sig ne d to survive the d e to na tio n in its o rig ina l p hysic a l fo rm , to b e se p a ra te d fro m the d e b ris, a nd to b e d e - c o d e d , e ithe r in the fie ld o r in the la b o ra to ry. Se ve ra l typ e s o f m a te ria ls h a ve b e e n su g - g e ste d . Physic a l ta g g a nts m ust m e e t the sa m e re q uire m e nts a s the c he m ic a l ta g g a nts, ho we ve r, in a d d itio n to p h ysic a l su rviva l, so th e num b e r o f se rio us c a nd id a te s is so m e wha t lim - ite d . Thre e ta g g a nts re m a in p ro m ising c a nd id a te s. p ro c e d ure invo lving sa m p le p re p a ra tio n, ra d ia - tio n c o unting , a nd ra d io iso to p e id e ntific a tio n. O n ly a lim ite d n u m b e r o f la b o ra to rie s in th e c o untry ha ve the tra ine d p e rso nne l a nd fa c ilit ie s; p o lic e fo re n sic la b o ra t o rie s a re n o t a m o ng the m . Chemical Assay A n u m b e r o f a p p ro a c h e s h a ve b e e n p ro - p o se d tha t ha ve in c o m m o n the a d d itio n o f c he m ic a ls to the e xp lo sive s tha t wo uld b e re - c o ve re d fro m the p o std e to na tio n d e b ris a nd b e id e ntifie d b y a la b o ra to ry a ssa y o f the d e b ris. 3M COLOR-CODED TAGGANT Mo re re se a rc h ha s b e e n c o nd uc te d with the 3M id e ntific a tio n ta g g a nt tha n with a ny o the r. It is the b a se line ta g g a nt p ro p o se d b y BATF fo r im p le m e nta tio n if a ta g g a nt p ro g ra m is le g isla te d , a nd is the ta g g a nt use d fo r the OTA c o st, sa fe ty, a nd utility a na lyse s. While the num b e r o f c he m ic a l materials is al- <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">m o st lim itle ss, </li><li style="flex:1">a</li><li style="flex:1">suc c e ssful c he m ic a l ta g g a nt </li></ul>m ust ha ve the fo llo wing p ro p e rtie s: ●●●●●●●in e rtn e ss, no nse nsitiza tio n o f the e xp lo sive s, no t p re se nt in b a c kg ro und m a te ria l, a b le to survive the d e to na tio n, lo ng -te rm sta b ility, no t a he a lth ha za rd , a nd su ffic ie n t va ria tio n m u st b e p o ssib le to fo rm a la rg e num b e r o f uniq ue c o d e s. The ta g g a nt c o nsists o f a n irre g ula r c hip o f the rm o se tting m e la m ine a lkyd , a p p ro xim a te ly 0.12 m m thic k a nd a b o ut 0.40 m m in its g re a t- <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">e st d im e nsio n. Fig ure </li><li style="flex:1">6</li><li style="flex:1">sho ws the e ig ht-la ye r </li></ul>c o nstruc tio n; va ria tio n o f the se q ue nc e c o lo rs p ro vid e s the ne c e ssa ry lib ra ry o f c o d e s. A to ta l The c he m ic a l ta g g a nt with whic h the g re a te st a m o unt o f re se a rc h ha s b e e n c o nd uc te d wa s d e ve lo p e d b y the Am e s La b o ra to rie s in the e a rly 1970’s, I n this m e tho d , ra re e a rths we re a d d e d to e xp lo sive s a s o xid e s o r a s nitra te s in <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">o f a p p ro xim a te ly </li><li style="flex:1">6</li><li style="flex:1">m illio n u n iq u e c o d e s is </li></ul>a va ila b le , whe n a l Io wa nc e s a re m a d e fo r c e rta in fo rb id d e n a d ja c e nc ie s (c o lo rs to o d iffic ult to d isting uish) a nd o the r re stric tio ns. O ne fa c e o f the ta g g a nt visa b ly fluo re sc e s whe n illum i-

Taggants in Explosives (Part 5 Of

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