Marine Geology 253 (2008) 1–13 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/margeo Neogene subsidence and stratigraphy of the Simeulue forearc basin, Northwest Sumatra Kai Berglar a,⁎, Christoph Gaedicke a, Rüdiger Lutz a, Dieter Franke a, Yusuf S. Djajadihardja b a Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany b Agency for the Assessment & Application of Technology, Jl. M.H. Thamrin No.8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Interpretation of new multi-channel seismic data reveals the Neogene subsidence history of the Simeulue Received 10 December 2007 forearc basin, located off northwestern Sumatra. The trench-parallel elongated basin extends over 260 km in Received in revised form 15 April 2008 NW–SE direction and 100 km in SW–NE direction. Maximum water depth is about 1300 m and the Neogene Accepted 18 April 2008 sedimentary fill shows a thickness of up to 5 s two-way traveltime. We identified three stages of subsidence evolution after the formation of a regional basal Neogene unconformity which are characterized by changing Keywords: accumulation space, sedimentation rates, source areas and tectonic phases. An Early/Mid Miocene stage is Subduction Forearc basin marked by occurrence of subsidence in several half grabens forming along the western border of the basin. Seismic stratigraphy During the Late Miocene/Pliocene this small scale subsidence changed to a steadily subsiding trench-parallel Sumatra trough. The present setup of the forearc region under the influence of strike-slip faults due to oblique Simeulue subduction is active at least since this time as evidenced by wrench faulting. At the end of this stage subsidence expanded significantly eastwards drowning a large carbonate platform that evolved in the then shallow southern and eastern parts of the basin. Presently, the central part of the Simeulue basin is subject to inversion, probably related to reactivation of Early/Mid Miocene half grabens. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction NE direction. It contains a Neogene sedimentary fill of up to 5 s two- way traveltime (TWT) and consists of a deep water area with a maxi- Forearc basins are prominent elements of subduction zones and mum water depth of about 1300 m followed to the east by the slope of evolve between the magmatic arc and the accretionary prism. They the basin and the shallow water inner shelf at the transition to the are areas of strong subsidence and serve as traps for sediments Sumatran mainland (Fig. 2). The Simeulue basin is relatively un- derived from the arc region. Such basins often contain a sedimentary explored in a petroleum geologic context. Few wells were drilled in the column of several kilometers. As their subsidence evolution is directly 1970s at the northeastern edge of the basin in water depths less than influenced by subduction processes, the stratigraphy depicts an 100 m and described by Karig et al. (1979), Rose (1983) and Beaudry important record of the plate margin evolution. and Moore (1985). Later research based on single channel reflection The Simeulue forearc basin is one of several depositional basins seismic data was conducted by Malod et al. (1993) and Izart et al. situated off Sumatra along the Sunda Arc. The latter is a classical (1994). convergent margin system that stretches over 5000 km from Java in This paper discusses the subsidence history of the Simeulue forearc the south to Burma in the north (Fig.1). It is the geological expression of basin on the basis of geophysical data acquired during two joint the convergence between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian Plates Indonesian–German surveys in 2006. Based upon seismic stratigraphy where oceanic lithosphere is being subducted beneath the Indonesian we present a model for the Neogene subsidence and stratigraphic Archipelago as well as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Simeulue basin evolution and examine its decisive factors. forearc basin is bordered to the west by Simeulue Island, a part of the consolidated outer arc high of the subduction zone. The Banyak Islands 2. Regional setting separate the Simeulue basin from the southerly located Nias basin. To the north the Aceh basin can be clearly distinguished by a ridge-like Along the Sunda arc the oceanic Indo-Australian Plate subducts structure in between and a change in water depth of more than 1500 m beneath the Eurasian Plate. The rate and direction of convergence of (Izart et al., 1994). The Simeulue basin itself is trench-parallel elon- the Indo-Australian Plate with respect to the Eurasian Plate show a gated and extends over 260 km in NW–SE direction and 100 km in SW– decreasing and slightly anticlockwise trend from southeast to north- west (Fig. 1). Based upon GPS measurements Prawirodirdjo and Bock ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 511 643 2149; fax: +49 511 643 3663. (2004) proposed convergence rates of 65 mm/y (N17°E) south of Java E-mail address: [email protected] (K. Berglar). and 51 mm/y (N11°E) off northern Sumatra. The model NUVEL-1A 0025-3227/$ – see front matter © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2008.04.006 2 K. Berglar et al. / Marine Geology 253 (2008) 1–13 Fig. 1. Regional tectonic setting of the Sumatran subduction zone. Sumatran Fault Zone (SFZ), Mentawai Fault Zone (MFZ), Batee Fault (BF), West Andaman Fault (WAF) and deformation front are based on Sieh and Natawidjaja (2000). Ages of the oceanic crust are after Müller et al. (1997) and Deplus et al. (1998). Gray arrows indicate relative plate movements based on NUVEL-1A (DeMets et al., 1994), black arrows based on CGPS (Prawirodirdjo and Bock, 2004). (DeMets et al., 1994), using geomagnetic time scale, gives values of consequence the forearc sliver consists of elongated strips moving to 73 mm/y (N19°E) and 61 mm/y (N15°E) respectively. the northwest. This was further refined by Malod and Kemal (1996) Due to the curvature of the margin the plate convergence gradually proposing two forearc microplates between the outer arc high and the changes from nearly perpendicular subduction off Java to highly Mentawai Fault Zone, separated by the Batee Fault. The western border oblique subduction off northern Sumatra (Moore et al., 1980). This of the northern microplate is represented by the West Andaman Fault. results in slip partitioning along the northwestern Sunda island arc and Besides strain partitioning, subducting ridges on the oceanic plate — the development of arc-parallel strike-slip faults. The most pro- namely the Wharton Ridge and the Investigator Fracture Zone — may nounced strike-slip shear zone is the Sumatran Fault Zone (McCarthy have had an effect on the deformation of the forearc and may have and Elders,1997; Sieh and Natawidjaja, 2000) located on the Sumatran accounted for segmentation into several forearc basins off northern and mainland along the volcanic arc which forms the Barisan Mountains central Sumatra. (Fig. 1). The Sumatran Fault Zone accommodates most of the right- lateral stress of the relative plate motion. However, a smaller amount of 3. Data acquisition and processing the arc-parallel stress is taken up by right-lateral strike-slip fault systems along the western edges of the forearc basins, namely the Data used in this study were acquired during two cruises with the Mentawai Fault Zone and West Andaman Fault (Diament et al., 1992; German research vessel SONNE in 2006 (SO186-2 SeaCause and Malod and Kemal, 1996; McCaffrey, 1991). The Mentawai Fault Zone SO189-1 SUMATRA). Approximately 1500 km of multi-channel extends from the Sunda Strait up to south of Nias Island where it is seismic (MCS) data were obtained in the area of the Simeulue basin probably connected with the Sumatran Fault Zone along the Batee (Fig. 2). Shot distance was 50 m and we used a digital 240 channel Fault (Milsom et al., 1995). The West Andaman Fault proceeds streamer of 3 km length with a receiver spacing of 12.5 m, towed at a southwards from the Andaman Islands to the Simeulue basin (Curray, water depth of 6 m. The acoustic signal was generated by a tuned G- 2005). As pointed out by Curray et al. (1979) the Sumatran forearc acts gun array of 16 units with a total volume of 50.8 l operating at air as a sliver plate bounded to the west by the trench, below by the pressure of 14.5 MPa. Data were recorded with a sampling interval of subducting plate, and to the east by the Sumatran Fault Zone. As a 2 ms and 14 s length. Stacking velocities were picked at regular K. Berglar et al. / Marine Geology 253 (2008) 1–13 3 Fig. 2. Bathymetric map of the Simeulue basin (Smith and Sandwell, 1997). The dotted gray line indicates the extent of the Simeulue basin. Dashed lines show the location of acquired seismic sections, solid bold lines the location of Figs. 3 to 8 and 10. Crosses denote positions of wells used for chronostratigraphic calibration. Stars display the epicenter locations of the December 2004 (north of Simeulue) and March 2005 (Banyak Islands) mega-earthquakes. The sketch shows earthquake epicenter locations (mbN4) since 2000. All earthquake locations are from USGS NEIC. intervals of 3 km along every line. Pre-stack processing included Simeulue basin (Fig. 2), drilled by Union Oil Company of California in resampling to 4 ms, trace editing, CMP-sort (nominal 30-fold cover- the 1970s (Tuba-1A, Meulaboh-1 and Tripa-1). These wells were age, 6.25 m spacing), Ormsby bandpass filter (6–12–60–160 Hz), reviewed by several authors (Beaudry and Moore, 1985; Karig et al., polygon f–k filter (window of 60 traces and 1 s length), zerophase 1979; Rose, 1983) with partially contradicting interpretations (see e.g.