NOTES AND REFERENCES INTRODUCTION: THE PROBLEM OF A SCOTTISH IDENTITY 1. The New Testament in Scots, traos. W. L. Lorimer (1983); rev. edn (London, 1985). There were a number of earlier translations, one by Murdoch Nisbet produced around 1520, but not printed till 1901-5, and several in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. For details, see Graham Tulloch, A History of the Scots Bible (Aberdeen, 1989). 2. Marinell Ash, The Strange Death of Scottish History (Edinburgh, 1980), p. 151. 1 THE IDENTITY OF PLACE 1. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, traos. G. N. Garmonsway (London & New York, 1953), p. 82 (AD 891). The Anglo-Saxon text reads Scottas. 2. Graham and Anna Ritchie, Scotland: Archaeology and Early History (Edinburgh, 1991), pp. 89-94. 3. Ibid., p. 124. 4. Ibid., pp. 149-50. 5. A. P. Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men (London, 1984), pp. 43-5. 6. Venerabilis Baedae Historiam Ecclesiasticam Gentis A ngloru m, ed. C. Plummer (Oxford, 1896), I, p. 133 (Bk 3, ch. 4); but see A. A. M. Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom (Edinburgh, 1975), pp. 46, 69-70. 7. Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, p. 63 8. I have drawn here on ideas put forward by Dr Dauvit Broun in a paper on 'Defining Scotland before the Wars of Independence', given at the 1994 conference of the Association of Scottish 138 Notes and References Historical Studies, of which a text was included in the circulated conference papers. 9. Regesta Regum Scottorum, 11, ed. G. W. S. Barrow with W. W. Scott (Edinburgh, 1971), no. 61. 10. Regesta Regum Scottorum, V, ed. A. A. M. Duncan (Edinburgh, 1988), p. 54, and the examples given there. 11. K. A. Steer and J. W. M. Bannerman, Late Medieval Monumental Sculpture in the West Highlands (HMSO, 1977), pp. 180-4. 12. John G. Dunbar, The Historic Architecture of Scotland (London, 1966), pp. 24-5. 13. Harold W. Booton, 'Inland trade: a study of Aberdeen in the later middle ages,' in The Scottish Medieval Town, ed. Michael Lynch, Michael Spearman and Geoffrey Stell (Edinburgh, 1988), p. 155. 14. The Bruce, byJohnBarbour, ed. W. M. Mackenzie (London, 1909), p. 159 (Bk 9, line 403). 2 THE IDENTITY OF ORDER 1. Duncan, Scotland, pp. 93-5. 2. Barbara E. Crawford, Scan din avian Scotland (Leicester, 1987), pp.53-6. 3. Duncan, Scotland, pp. 1l0-1l. 4. Ibid., Genealogical Tree 1. 5. Crawford, Scandinavian Scotland, pp. 74, 77; G. W. S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000-1306 (London, 1981), p. 27; Duncan, Scotland, pp. 100, ll8. 6. F. L. Ganshof, La Flandre sous les Premiers Comtes (Brussels, 1949), ch. 6, especially pp. 104-6. 7. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, trans. Garmonsway, p. 208. 8. Ibid., p. 228. 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid., p. 230 11. G. W. S. Barrow, The Anglo-Norman Era in Scottish History (Oxford, 1980), pp. 61-4. 12. 'The earliest Stewarts and their lands' in G. W. S. Barrow, The Kingdom of the Scots (London, 1973), pp. 337-61, especially pp. 355-61. 13. Barrow, The Anglo-Norman Era, p. 50. 139 Notes and References 14. The Sheriff Court Book of Fife, 1515-1522, ed. W. Croft Dickinson (Scottish History Society, 3rd series, vol. 12, 1928), pp. 349-55. 15. Ibid., pp. xi-xiii. 16. 'The justiciar', in Barrow, The Kingdom of the Scots, pp. 83-138. 17. For the text see English Historical Documents ii, 1042-1189, ed. D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenaway (London, 1953), p. 475. 18. The Register of Brieves, ed. Lord Cooper (Stair Society, vol. 10, 1946), pp. 40-1. 19. I am grateful to Dr A. L. Murray for very helpful comments on this point. 20. Regesta Regum Scottorum, VI, ed. Bruce Webster (Edinburgh, 1982), p. 12. 21. Regesta Regum Scottorum, V, pp. 174-7, scribes H, L, M, and a number of 'unique hands'; Regesta Regum Scottorum, VI, pp. 12-13, scribes viii, xiv, xvi, xviii, xxiii, xxv, xxxii and xlvii. 22. Bruce Webster, Scotland from the Eleventh Century to 1603 (Sources of History, 1975), pp. 122-7. 23. Barrow, Kingship and Unity, pp. 84-104. 24. G. S. Pryde, The Burghs of Scotland (London, 1965), pp. 3-8. 25. Regesta Regum Scottorum, 11, map at end. 26. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, trans. Garmonsway, p. 213, Ms D, 1078; A. o. Anderson, Early Sources of Scottish History AD 500 to 1286 (Edinburgh & London, 1922), 11, p. 46. 27. Duncan, Scotland, pp. 165-7. 28. Anderson, Early Sources, 11, pp. 173-4. 29. Duncan, Scotland, pp. 138-9. 30. Pryde, Burghs of Scotland, nos 8, 13. 31. Anderson, Early Sources, 11, p. 251. Anderson translates transtulit in the Latin text as 'transported'. 32. Duncan, Scotland, pp. 191-8. 33. A. A. M. Duncan and A. L. Brown, 'Argyll and the Isles in the earlier middle ages', Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. 90 (1956-7), pp. 195-9. 34. Anderson, Early Sources, 11, pp. 244-5. 35. Duncan, Scotland, pp. 181-4. 36. Ibid., p. 186. 37. Grant G. Simpson and Bruce Webster, 'Charter evidence and the distribution of mottes in Scotland', Essays on the Nobility of Medieval Scotland, ed. K. J. Stringer (Edinburgh, 1985), pp. 9-10. 38. See above, notes 8-10. 140 Notes and References 39. A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, 11, p. 244. 40. A. O. Anderson, Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, AD 500 to 1286 (London, 1908),p.33~n.~ 41. H. Pierquin, Receuil General des Charles Anglo-Saxonnes (Paris, 1912), pp. 476, 479. The significance of these titles is discussed in E. John, Orbis Britanniae (Leicester, 1966), pp. 52-9. 42. Anglo-Scottish Relations, 1174-1328: Some Selected Documents, ed. E. L. G. Stones (London & Edinburgh, 1965), p. 1. 43. Ibid., pp. 6-7; see also Duncan, Scotland, pp. 236-8. 44. D. E. R. Watt, 'The minority of Alexander III of Scotland', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (5th series), 21 (1971), pp. 2-6. 45. Johannis de Fordun Chronica Gentis Scotorum, ed. W. F. Skene (The Historians of Scotland, I, Edinburgh, 1871), p. 293; Scotichronicon by Waiter Bower, ed. D. E. R. Watt and others (Aberdeen 1987-), v, pp. 290-3. 46. Fordun, ed. Skene, I, pp. 294-5; Scotichronicon, ed. Watt, v, pp. 292-5. 47. Scotichronicon, ed. Watt., v, 441, citing M. O. Anderson, Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland (Edinburgh & London, 1980), pp. 214, 238,256-7,293. 48. The most recent detailed discussion is in John Bannerman, The king's poet and the inauguration of Alexander Ill', Scottish Historical Review, 68 (1989), pp. 120-49. 49. Ailred of Rievaulx, 'Epistola ad illustrem ducem H[enricum}' in R. Twysden, Historiae Anglicanae Scriptores Decem (London, 1652), I, column 348: 'obsequia ilIa quae a gente Scottorum in novella regum promotione more patrio exhibentur ita exhorruit, ut ea vix ab episcopis suscipere cogeretur'. 50. Cf., for instance, the inauguration ceremonies of Edward IV and Richard III of England which preceded their 'coronations', in the first case by more than three months, in the second by ten days. See C. A. J. Armstrong, 'The inauguration ceremonies of the Yorkist kings and their title to the throne', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (4th series), 30 (1948), pp. 51-73. Both reigns were dated from the inauguration, not the coronation. The normal English practice was, and is, to date reigns from the death of the previous monarch, with the coronation following when convenient. These two are significant because, not being normal accessions by the next heir, they reveal ideas on the significance of inaugurations and coronations. 141 Notes and References 51. Scotichronicon, ed. Watt., v, pp. 196-9, 442, citing Dunfermline Registrum, no. 348 for the attendance. 52. For example, ibid., pp. 420-9. 3 THE IDENTITY OF FAITH 1. Michael Lynch, Scotland: A New History (London, 1991), pp. 28-36. 2. Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, pp. 102-7. 3. Duncan, Scotland, p. 71. 4. Adomnan's Life of Columba, ed. A. o. and M. O. Anderson (Edinburgh,1961). 5. Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, pp. 65-6. 6. Ibid., pp. 185-8; Anderson, Early Sources, I, pp. 259-61, 263-6. 7. Anderson, Early Sources, p. 279 and n. 4; Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, pp. 187-8. 8. Anderson, Early Sources, p. 296. 9. Bede Ecclesiastical History, ed. Plummer, I, p. 333 (Bk 5, ch. 21); translated in Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 48. 10. Duncan, Scotland, p. 71. 11. Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, pp. 186-7. 12. Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and other Early Memorials of Scottish History, ed. W. F. Skene (Edinburgh, 1867), pp. 138-40, 183-8, 375-7. See also Ursula Hall, St Andrew and Scotland (StAndrews, 1994), pp. 60-77. 13. Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, pp. 228-9. 14. The text is printed in Facsimiles of English Royal Writs to A.D. 1100, ed. T. A. M. Bishop and P. Chaplais (Oxford, 1957), at plate xxix. 15. BedeEcclesiasticalHistory, ed. Plummer, I, 63-4 (Bk 1, ch. 29). 16. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, trans. Garmonsway, p. 201. 17. Ibid. 18. Translated in Anderson, Early Sources, 11, 59-88. 19. Ibid., 11,31-2. 20. There is no convenient edition. A translation of most of the text is to be found scattered through Anderson, Early Sources; for the original, one has to use either the very old text in the Bannatyne Club edition, Chronica de Mailros (1835) or, if one can read it, the facsimile edition, The Chronicle of Melrose, ed. A. o. Anderson and others (London, 1936). 142 Notes and References 21. A.