HINDSIGHT Journal of Optometry History April, 2008 Volume 39, Number 2 Official Publication of the Optometric Historical Society :i, Ff< . ~ i ; / :. Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History publishes material on the history of optometry: and related topics. As the official publication of the Optometric Historical Society, - Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History supports the purposes and functions of the Optometric Historical Society. The purposes of the Optometric Historical Society, according to its by-laws, are: • to encourage the collection and preservation of materials relating to the history of optometry, • to assist in securing and documenting the recollections of those who participated in the development of optometry, • to encourage and assist in the care of archives of optometric interest, • to identify and mark sites, landmarks, monuments, and structures of significance in optometric development, and • to shed honor and recognition on persons, groups, and agencies making notable contributions toward the goals of the society. Officers and Board of Trustees of the Optometric Historical Society: President: l Melvin Wolfberg, 3095 Buckinghammock TrL, Vero Beach FL 32960-4968, [email protected] I Vice-President: ~ Jerome J. Abrams '1,; Secretary-Treasurer: ~ Bridget Kowalczyk, American Optometric Association, 243 North Lindbergh Boulevard, l St. Louis, MO 63141; [email protected] Trustees: WalterW. Chase Jay M. Enoch Chuck Haine Douglas K. Penisten The official publication of the Optometric Historical Society, published quarterly since its beginning, was previously titled: Newsletter of the Optometric Historical Society, 1970-1991 (volumes 1-22), and Hindsight: Newsletter of the Optometric Historical Society, 1992-2006 (volumes 23-37). Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History began in 2007 with volume 38, number 1. On the cover: The drawing represents OHS for Optometric Historical Society: the 0 an elementary schematic of an eye, the H three intersecting pairs of spectacles, and the S a representation of a light wave with the Greek letter lambda indicating one wavelength. The drawing artist was Diane Goss. OHS website: www.opt.indiana.edu/ohs/opthohiso.html HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History .April, 2008 Volume 39, Number 2 Editor: oavid A. Goss, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, [email protected] Contributing Editors: Jay M. Enoch, School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, [email protected] Douglas K. Penisten, College of Optometry, Northeastern State University, Tahlequah, OK 74464, [email protected]. TABLE OF CONTENTS The Need for Recognition, Regularization and Regulation of Eye and Vision Care Practices in India: An Oration/Paper for Presentation to The Palkhivala Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu State, India, on January 26, 2008, Jay M. Enoch .....................26 An Early Sixteenth Century Optometrist's Shop: Jacob Cornelisz. van Oostsanen's "Lx Siin Tiid", Sara Newman .................................................................................58 William Molyneux and the Optometry Content of his 1692 Book Dioptrica Nova, David A. Goss .......................................................................................................67 A Little Personal Optometric History, Lester B. Kahn .............................................72 Communications Concerning the O.D. Degree and Licensure ................................. 75 Book Review: The Science of Leonardo: Inside the Mind of the Great Genius of the Renaissance, David A. Goss ...........................................................................78 Book Review: Isaac Newton, David A. Goss .......................................................81 Instructions to Authors ....................................................................................83 OHS Membership Application Form ..................................................................84 Journal subscriptions are registered by joining the Optometric Historical Society. The cost of an institutional or library subscription is the same as for personal membership. Manuscripts submitted for publication should be sent to the Editor at the email or postal address above. A Word document attached to an email message is the preferred , means of submission. Paper copy submissions sent by postal service will also be considered. · INDIA~lA · APR 3 0 2008 Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History .... April, 2008, volume 39, number 2, page0flTOMETHY i..iSHi-\fW The Need for Recognition, Regularization and Regulation of Eye and Vision Care Practices in India: An Oration/Paper for Presentation to The Palkhivala Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu State, India, on January 26, 2008 Jay M. Enoch, O.D., Ph.D., Dr.s Sci. (h.c.) Professor of the Graduate School, Dean Emeritus, School of Optometry (Mail Code 2020), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, jmenoch@berkeley@ edu Definitions of Terms The following terms are defined as follows •in this paper: "Recognition" as used here signifies acknowledgement or acceptance of a qualified professional or technical group of individuals serving a defined role. In turn, a suitable organization may represent each such group of qualified providers. Each such organization should reflect the will of the majority of individuals represented in the group, and may represent that group in appropriate settings associated with actions of governmental, administrative, or professional nature. "Regularization" means to make regular. This term implies achieving "good order", and asks that all parties and organizations comply with, and adhere to accepted societal, educational, and legal standards. "Regulation" means a rule or order prescribed by authority, which serves to regulate conduct, or is a governing direction, or a law". Introductory Remarks It is a pleasure to have an opportunity to address this most distinguished audience. I have carefully weighed ophthalmic professional issues to be considered, and I try to provide you with insights as to how you might best proceed in recognizing, regularizing and regulating ophthalmic and vision care in India. I have not chosen an easy path, but, rather, I chose one which I hope will advance ophthalmic care in India. have taken a rather controversial, but, hopefully, a rational position. These issues speak to protections offered to the people whom you serve in this vast Nation. Some of you know me well, and I am pleased to meet others among you for the first time. I feel you have a right to know, "Who is this fellow?" In an Addendum appended to this document, I discuss a number of aspects of my career which touch upon issues considered. I also Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History .... April, 2008, volume 39, number 2, page 26 disclose prior actions taken by me which are pertinent to aspects of this discussion. Terminology does count in matters addressed in this document. Hence, I have tried to choose words and terms used carefully. Introduction Collectively, we address a major set of issues today! I can advise you as to what I feel are appropriate actions. In concert with others, individually, each of you has responsibility to make solutions happen. No one promised that the tasks, upon which you have embarked, will be easy. • It is clear that, over time, a number of aspects of ophthalmic-care-provision in India either were not carefully planned, and/or executed. I hope you will approach issues facing eye-and-vision-care-provision in this Great Nation constructively. Stated alternatiyely, Jet us find workable solutions to problems faced, and help each other to overcome difficulties encountered. As one part of a solution, I believe it is necessary to recognize, to regularize and to regulate appropriately "modern optometry'' as a profession in this nation. And, it is necessary to define properly, that is, regularize all other groups serving or working in concert with the professions of ophthalmology and optometry in an orderly way. Minimum acceptable educational standards for all groups need to be defined, to be reviewed, and to be updated regularly. We must consider those aspects of the "Three R functions" appropriate for each of these several affected groups of individuals. Optometrists must properly refer patients, as appropriate, for ophthalmological or other necessary care. Ophthalmologists must respect the recommending clinician. These two groups, ophthalmology and optometry need to work together, effectively, efficiently and purposefully in order to provide needed services to the larger community, the Indian Nation. All parties need to continually upgrade their knowledge in the face of growing research, acquired knowledge, and changing modes of practice. There is a need to upgrade systematically those with lesser training in order to create a larger effective and cooperating body of quality eye and vision care practitioners. All necessary protections for the public must be put into place! Literally, the future of eye care in India is in your hands! On a related but different note, simple refractive techniques can be largely automated today. Let us grow as patient care providers and fill a broader role in eyecare in behalf of this society, and let us do it cooperatively .• Refractive errors based upon both focus and aberrations can be almost totally corrected· using adaptive optics and associated techniques. These new approaches to refraction are powerful tools! You dare not ignore them. Hindsight: Journal of