NOTES ABBREVIATIONS BL: Butler Library, Columbia University CC: Coca-Cola corporate archives CCCB: Central Coca-Cola Bottling Company records, Virginia Historical Society CCP: Papers of Charles Harvey Crutchfield, Wilson Special Collections Library, University of North Carolina CED: Committee for Economic Development CEDA: Committee for Economic Development archives CWP: Papers of Charles E. Wilson, Anderson University Archives DBP: Papers of F. Donaldson Brown, Hagley Museum and Library FFP: Papers of Franklin Florence, Department of Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation, River Campus Libraries, University of Rochester FPP: Papers of Frances Perkins, Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Co- lumbia University GROH: Gerard Reilly Oral History, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation & Archives, Cornell University GRP: Papers of Gerard Reilly, Historical & Special Collections, Harvard Law School Library HQP: Papers of Helen Quirini, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections & Archives, University at Albany, State University of New York ILIR: Files from the Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations Library, University of Illinois Archives ·· 1 ·· 2 NOTes IUE: Records of the International Union of Electrical, Radio, and Ma- chine Workers, Special Collections and University Archives, Rut- gers University JBP: Papers of Joseph M. Bryan, University Archives and Manuscripts, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro JCPL: Jimmy Carter Presidential Library JSP: Papers of Joseph N. Scanlon, Archives, University of Pittsburgh KC: Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation & Archives, Cornell University KHC: Kodak Historical Collection, Department of Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation, River Campus Libraries, University of Rochester LBP: Papers of Lemuel R. Boulware, Rare Book & Manuscript Library, University of Pennsylvania MFOH: Marion Folsom Oral History, Columbia Center for Oral History, Columbia University MFP: Papers of Marion B. Folsom, Department of Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation, River Campus Libraries, University of Rochester MPRF: Mark Pendergrast Research Files, Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University PHP: Papers of Paul G. Hoffman, Harry S. Truman Library PRP: Papers of Philip D. Reed, Hagley Museum and Library RBFS: Rochester Black Freedom Struggle Online Project, Department of Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation, River Campus Libraries, University of Rochester RGGP: Papers of Ronald G. Greenwood, Special Collections, Nova South- eastern University RHGP: Papers of Robert H. Guest, Rauner Special Collections Library, Dartmouth College RHP: Papers of Ralph Hayes, Western Reserve Historical Society RWP: Papers of Robert Woodruff, Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University SA: Scharchburg Archives, Kettering University SMA: Schenectady (N.Y.) Museum Archives TSC: Technology and Society Collection, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library UAW: United Auto Workers records, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University UE: United Radio, Electrical and Machine Workers papers, Labor Ar- chives and Research Center, San Francisco State University WRP: Papers of William E. Robinson, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library NOTes 3 PREFACE 1 “Rewire”: “We Need to ‘Re-Wire’ the Labor Market” by Byron Au- guste and Tyra Mariani, Medium, updated Nov. 24, 2015. “Right now”: “The Big Lie: 5.6% Unemployment” by Jim Clifton, The Chairman’s Blog, Gallup, Feb. 3, 2015. The US Department of Labor Statistics re- ported the 5.5 percent jobless rate for February 2015 on March 6. 2 Would connect: See “The Wildly Ambitious Future of the Job Search” by Rick Wartzman, Fortune, March 19, 2015. “There are trillions”: “The Untapped $140 Trillion Innovation for Jobs Market” by David Nordfors, TechCrunch, Feb. 21, 2015. 2 Far too much: To fans of Uber, the company provides freedom and flexibility suited to today’s economy, a readily available source of work for people looking to supplement their other income, a potential huge social good by pulling cars out of congested and smog-filled urban ar- eas, and a service that customers love. To critics of the company, it is ac- celerating a trend toward jobs that are poor paying, unpredictable, and insecure. See “Is Uber Good or Bad for Society? The Debate Contin- ues” by Michael Hiltzik, Los Angeles Times, Nov. 13, 2015; “Uber’s Busi- ness Model Could Change Your Work,” New York Times, Jan. 28, 2015; “Can Ride Apps Really Solve America’s Traffic Woes?,” Time, April 25, 2016; “In the Sharing Economy, No One’s an Employee” by Gillian B. White, The Atlantic, June 8, 2015; “Who Is Your Uber Driver (and What Does He Want?), Wall Street Journal, May 20, 2015: “Uber- nomics: Here’s What It Would Cost Uber to Pay Its Drivers as Employees,” Fortune, Sept. 17, 2015. Pay well: “Uber Data and Leaked Docs Provide a Look at How Much Uber Drivers Make,” BuzzFeed, June 22, 2016. The Buzzfeed story says that company data suggests drivers overall in three major US markets—Denver, Detroit, and Houston—earned less than $13.25 an hour after expenses in late 2015. Also see “Uber to Pay $20 Million to Settle Claims It Misled Drivers,” Reuters, Jan. 19, 2017. Loyalty from: In 2016, Uber did recognize a new worker association in New York through which drivers could receive a range of portable benefits and protections. See “Uber’s Major Step Forward for Workers” by Natalie Foster, CNN.com, May 25, 2016. Accounts for: “The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015” by Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, March 29, 2016. Also see “Uber Is Not the Future of Work” by Lawrence Mishel, The Atlantic, Nov. 16, 2015. For an analysis of how the platform economy may be more, not less, important, see Davis, The Vanishing American Corporation, 172–179. 2 “The precariat”: See “In the Sharing Economy, Workers Find Both Freedom and Uncertainty,” New York Times, Aug. 16, 2014. Standing’s 4 NOTes book, The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class, was published in 2011. “Archie Bunker vote”: McCrohan, Archie & Edith, Mike & Gloria, 189–191. 3 10 percent: “Wage Stagnation in Nine Charts” by Lawrence Mishel, Elise Gould, and Josh Bivens, Economic Policy Institute, Jan. 6, 2015. Data are for compensation (wages and benefits) of private production and nonsupervisory workers from 1973–2013. The 90 percent figure cov- ers the same group from 1948–1973. Carrying the data through 2015, the increase in compensation goes to 11 percent. See “The Productivity- Pay Gap,” Economic Policy Institute, updated Aug. 2016. Also see “Politics In Real Life: What Wage Stagnation Looks Like For Many Americans,” “Morning Edition,” National Public Radio, May 5, 2016; “For Most Workers, Real Wages Have Barely Budged for Decades” by Drew DeSilver, Pew Research Center, Oct. 9, 2014. For a different analysis, see “Wage and Salary Growth in the United States: Average Americans Made Steady Progress for Two Generations, Until the Last Decade” by Robert J. Shapiro, NDN, Oct. 2012. 3 Earns less: “Few Rewards: An Agenda to Give America’s Working Poor a Raise,” Oxfam America and Economic Policy Institute, June 22, 2016. Make enough: This is according to Harvard economist Larry Katz. See “Sizing Up Hillary Clinton’s Plans to Help the Middle Class” by Eduardo Porter, New York Times, July 14, 2015. Also see “The Hidden Lives of America’s Poor and Middle Class,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Jan. 5, 2016. Stopped looking: The figure was 12 percent as of June 2016. See “The Long-Term Decline in Prime-Age Male Labor Force Participation,” White House Council of Economic Advisers, June 2016; “The Missing Men” by Derek Thompson, The At- lantic, June 27, 2016; “The U.S. Labor Force’s Guy Problem: Lots of Men Don’t Have a Job and Aren’t Looking for One,” Los Angeles Times, Nov. 21, 2016. 3 To retire on: “An Aging Society Changes the Story on Poverty for Retirees” by Eduardo Porter, New York Times, Dec. 22, 2015; “Pension Participation, Wealth, and Income: 1992–2010” by Alicia H. Munnell, Wenliang Hou, Anthony Webb, and Yinji Li, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, July 2016; Reich, Saving Capitalism, 126; “The Champions of the 401(k) Lament the Revolution They Started,” Wall Street Journal, Jan. 2, 2017. “The Biggest Reason Workers Don’t Save for Retirement,” Wall Street Journal, Sept. 29, 2015; “Our Ridiculous Ap- proach to Retirement” by Teresa Ghilarducci, New York Times, July 22, 2012; “Who Killed the Private Sector DB Plan?” by Ilana Boivie, Na- tional Institute on Retirement Security, March 2011. Push more: “2016 Employer Health Benefits Survey,” Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Sept. 14, 2016; “How Companies Are Quietly Changing Your Health NOTes 5 Plan to Make You Pay More,” Washington Post, Sept. 14, 2016; “Employ- ers Push Costs for Health on Workers,” New York Times, Sept. 2, 2010; Hacker, The Great Risk Shift, 13–14, 137–143. Also see “The Slowdown in Employer Insurance Cost Growth: Why Many Workers Still Feel the Pinch” by Sara R. Collins, David Radley, Munira Z. Gunja, and Sophie Beutel, Commonwealth Fund, Oct. 26, 2016. Notably, even after the passage of the Affordable Care Act, a majority of nonelderly Americans still receive their health coverage through an employer-based plan. See “Repealing Obamacare Is Just a Diversion of This Bigger Healthcare Crisis” by Rick Wartzman, Fortune, Feb. 10, 2017. 3 Unequivocally good news: Well, maybe not to everyone. See “Cen- sus Report of Big Jump in Income Is a Little Too Good to Be True” by Gary Burtless, Brookings Institution, Sept. 16, 2016. Median household income: “Range of Evidence Shows Clear Gains for Mid- dle Class,” New York Times, Sept. 14, 2016. 4 percent below: “The Bad News Is the Good News Could Be Better” by Eduardo Porter, New York Times, Sept. 14, 2016. Even after: “My Comments on CBPP’s Census Data Press Call Today” by Jared Bernstein, On the Economy, Sept. 13, 2016. 3 Corporate profits: After peaking in late 2014, corporate earnings de- clined through the second half of 2015 and 2016.