BERKELEY REVIEW OF Latin American Studies UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY SPRING–SUMMERSPRING 20112007 Women’s Rights in Global Perspective U.S.–Mexico Futures Forum 2011 Renewable Energy and Climate Change Table of Contents BERKELEY REVIEW OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES SPRING – SUMMER 2011 Comment Harley Shaiken 1 UNiting Women Around the Globe Gowri Vijayakumar 2 The U.S.– Mexico Futures Forum Special Section Global Crisis, Bilateral Response Brian Palmer-Rubin 7 Attacking the Roots of Insecurity Benjamin Lessing 10 Can Eagles Fly With Dragons? China, Mexico and the U.S. Julie Michelle Klinger 16 Reversing the Tide of Apathy Christian E. Casillas 22 The Passion of Fernando Botero Beatriz Manz Interviews Fernando Botero 32 Save the Trees to Save the Forest Robert Collier 34 No Safe Haven: Universal Jurisdiction Trumps Impunity Krystal Abi Habib and Celeste Kauffman 38 Chasing Terror’s Paper Trail Sarah Krupp 41 Reclaiming Mexico’s Democracy Tara Buss 44 Becoming Gente in Rio’s Favelas Wendy Muse Sinek 48 The Presence of Absence Anthony Fontes 53 No Such Thing as Bad Publicity Roberto Hernández 56 Answering the Call Marcel Paret 62 Cuba Through the Windshield Alex Harris 64 The Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies is published by the Center for Latin American Studies, 2334 Bowditch Street, Berkeley, CA 94720. Chair Harley Shaiken Vice Chair Editor Program Coordinator Dionicia Ramos Jean Spencer Beth Perry Assistant to the Chair Design and Layout Brittany Gabel Greg Louden Contributing Editor: Deborah Meacham Special thanks to: Alianza Cívica; Fernando Botero; Kate Doyle; Sergio Fajardo; Theresa Firestine; Carlos Hagerman; Alex Harris; Roberto Hernández; Jacqueline Mabey, Marlborough Gallery; Kat MacGilvray, University of New Mexico Press; Layda Negrete; Nicholas Pacilio, California Department of Justice; Janice Perlman; Viridiana Rios; David Shirk; Office of the President Pro Tem, Darrell Steinberg; Vilma Vale-Brennan. Contributing photographers: Rodrigo ABD, Bruno Abreu, Roger Bayne, Noah Berger, Jim Block, Fernando Bocanegra, Matt Brown, Damian Dovarganes, Daniel Echeverri, Brent Finnegan, Brittany Gabel, Nathan Gibbs, Xareni Guzmán, Kathryn Hansen, Alex Harris, Michael Kan, Megan Kang, Darren Kumasawa, Carlos Luna, Ilai A. Magun, Leila Mead, Martin Mejia, Matty Nematollahi, Andre Penner, Steve Rhodes, Juan Felipe Rubio, Camilo Rueda López, Antonio Sierra, Peg Skorpinski, Paulo Vidales, Damaris Vilchis, Virginia & Josh — TwoFatBellies.com. Front cover: A mosaic globe highlighting wind power as a renewable source of energy. Photo by Darren Kumasawa. BERKELEY REVIEW OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES Spring – Summer 2011 1 Comment Michelle Bachelet is once again making history. The Chilean political leader who left the presidency in 2010 with an 80-percent-plus approval rating now heads UN Women, a mega-agency that addresses women’s rights globally. She returned to UC Berkeley in April to speak about the challenges of her new position and her vision going forward. She also taught a special seminar on Women, Development and Democracy organized by the Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS). The course was a tour-de-force as President Bachelet drew on her own unique biography and experience in government to address central questions facing women throughout Gabel. Brittany Photo by the world today. She led an open, Michelle Bachelet teaches a class at Berkeley, April 2011. insightful discussion that generated climate change and the rise of China had on Mexican political life in an a palpable sense of excitement and in the global economy. This year, article for the Review. As we go to engagement among the faculty and a number of new participants, press, the documentary has been students sitting in the seminar. including Attorney General Kamala nominated for three Emmys in the As one graduate student put it in Harris, State Controller John United States. a comment echoed by many, “The Chiang and Senate President Pro We are especially pleased to seminar with President Bachelet was Tem Darrell Steinberg, brought a present, in the center of this Review, one of the most incredible academic unique California perspective to a painting from a powerful new opportunities I have been offered.” the discussions. series by acclaimed artist Fernando This issue of the Review also The Center was also proud to Botero, which will open in October features a special section on the host Spanish jurist Baltasar Garzón at The Marlborough Gallery in New U.S.–Mexico Futures Forum, jointly who discussed universal jurisdiction, York. Titled “Via Crucis” (The Way organized by CLAS and the Instituto an area in which his pioneering of the Cross, in Latin), the new series Tecnológico de México (ITAM), and courageous 1998 indictment conveys unusual depth and emotion which took place against a backdrop of Augusto Pinochet set a critical through the lens of Mr. Botero’s of unfolding economic uncertainty precedent. In his talk, Garzón placed unique vision. in both countries and a debilitating the concept in both a historical and We close with another unique drug conflict in Mexico. The Forum a contemporary setting. perspective: two Robert Harris sought to provide fresh perspectives Roberto Hernández, the director photographs of Havana taken on the issue of security and also of the documentary “Presumed through the windshields of 1950s engaged two themes that have Guilty” and a Berkeley graduate American cars, an unusual view of received far less public attention but student in Public Policy, describes the city, the country and the cars. which have long-term consequences: the remarkable impact the film has — Harley Shaiken CENTER FOR LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, UC BERKELEY 2 Article Title WOMEN’S RIGHTS Women’s rights leaders greet Michelle Bachelet in Panama, April 2011. UNiting Women Around the Globe by Gowri Vijayakumar here is something momentous about Michelle women’s potential as powerful agents of social change Bachelet’s appointment as the Executive Director and appealed to the audience to become champions of Tof UN Women. As Chile’s first woman president, women’s rights. she is herself an example of the transformative potential Bachelet’s appointment comes at a time when, many of women’s political leadership. During her long career, activists would argue, women’s issues have lost precedence Bachelet fought for reproductive rights and social on the United Nations agenda. In the last decade, agencies protection programs for poor women, including a working for gender equality within the UN have been women’s pension and public preschools. Now applying under-funded and relatively marginalized, while attempts her experience in Chile to advance women’s agendas at “gender mainstreaming” in the 1990s have materialized globally — her visit to Berkeley came between trips to more in rhetoric than in practice. Even the UN’s own Somalia and Panama — Bachelet engages in exactly the leadership structure has been slow to embrace gender kinds of transnational partnerships she sees as central to equality — according to the UN Secretary General’s women’s mobilization. In her talk for UC Berkeley’s Center office, in 2009 only about 28 percent of the organization’s for Latin American Studies, she argued passionately for undersecretaries-general were women. BERKELEY REVIEW OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES Spring – Summer 2011 3 Photo by Fernando Bocanegra/UN Women. The creation of UN Women at the beginning of this brunt of poverty and global inequality, while remaining year, with Bachelet as Under-Secretary General for Gender marginalized from political and economic decision- Equality and the Empowerment of Women, thus represents making. The statistics she listed were grim. Women make a watershed moment in the history of the UN’s relationship up 60 to 70 percent of the global poor, 70 percent of the with the women’s movement. Not only does Bachelet bring illiterate and 80 percent of the victims of human trafficking. deep personal commitment to her position, but she also Every year, 350,000 women die of complications from sends a signal about the UN’s reinvigorated commitment pregnancy and childbirth. In Africa, women make up 80 to women’s issues. UN Women was created in response to 85 percent of the agricultural labor force, yet only 2 to decades of advocacy from women’s groups around the percent have land rights and most cannot inherit property. world. It unites four formerly separate agencies within the At least 40 percent of women experience gender-based UN system and doubles the budget for women’s issues to violence at least once in their lifetimes. Rape is commonly $500 million. (Although, as she noted to laughter from used as a weapon of war, but less than 5 percent of post- the audience, she had already accepted the job when she conflict funds are dedicated to women’s empowerment and learned that she would have to raise those funds herself.) gender equality. And the number of women in positions of Fresh from her presidential term in Chile, Bachelet also power remains small: only 19 percent of parliamentarians lends much-needed energy and visibility to the cause of and 10 percent of heads of state worldwide are women. “It’s gender equality both within and beyond the UN system. a little bit sad,” Bachelet admitted. “But we’re not going to In her public address, Bachelet articulated her vision cry, we’re going to work.” Indeed, she insisted on moving for UN Women in the context of deep, ongoing exclusion beyond tabulations of all the ways women are excluded and gender inequality worldwide. Women often bear the to focus on their positive potential, saying, “women’s >> CENTER FOR LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, UC BERKELEY 4 UNiting Women Around the Globe Photo by Peg Skorpinski. Peg Photo by Students with Michelle Bachelet after her talk at Berkeley, April 2011. strength, women’s industry, women’s wisdom are, I think, Women (CEDAW), but many forms of discrimination humankind’s greatest untapped resource.” persist within national policy.