Accessible Elements Accessible Elements Interior.indd 1 14/12/09 5:39 PM Accessible Elements Interior.indd 2 14/12/09 5:39 PM Accessible Elements Teaching Science Online and at a Distance Dietmar Kennepohl and Lawton Shaw Accessible Elements Interior.indd 3 14/12/09 5:39 PM © 2010 Dietmar Kennepohl and Lawton Shaw Published by AU Press, Athabasca University 1200, 10011 - 109 Street Edmonton, AB T5J 3S8 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Kennepohl, Dietmar Karl, 1961– Accessible elements : teaching science online and at a distance / Dietmar Kennepohl and Lawton Shaw. Includes index. Issued also in electronic format (978-1-897425-48-0). ISBN 978-1-897425-47-3 1. Science--Study and teaching (Higher). 2. Science--Computer-assisted instruction. 3. Distance education. I. Shaw, Lawton, 1972– II. Title. Q181.K46 2010 507.1’1 C2009-906647-5 Cover and book design by Natalie Olsen Printed and bound in Canada by Marquis Book Printing This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons License, Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 Canada, see www.creativecommons.org. The text may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes, provided that credit is given to the original author. Please contact AU Press, Athabasca University at [email protected] for permission beyond the usage outlined in the Creative Commons license. Accessible Elements Interior.indd 4 14/12/09 5:39 PM We wish to express our gratitude and appreciation to those who have contributed to this book. The authors graciously gave of their time and expertise to make this book truly come alive, and were also very patient through the review and production process. Many reviewers and colleagues from around the world provided helpful comments and suggestions. The AU Press editors and designers — Erna Dominey, Peter Enman, Kathy Killoh and Natalie Olsen — demonstrated exceptional professionalism and creativity. Dietmar Kennepohl thanks his loving wife, Roberta, for help with redesigning some chapter figures and for her patience in listening to innumerable discussions around delivering science courses at a distance. Lawton Shaw thanks his wife, Tanya, for always being positive and encouraging about this project. Accessible Elements Interior.indd 5 14/12/09 5:39 PM Accessible Elements Interior.indd 6 14/12/09 5:39 PM Contents ix Foreword xv Introduction Learning 1 chapter one Interactions Affording Distance Science Education Terry Anderson 19 chapter two Learning Science at a Distance: Instructional Dialogues and Resources Paul Gorsky and Avner Caspi 37 chapter three Leadership Strategies for Coordinating Distance Education Instructional Development Teams Gale Parchoma 61 chapter four Toward New Models of Flexible Education to Enhance Quality in Australian Higher Education Stuart Palmer, Dale Holt, and Alan Farley Laboratories 83 chapter five Taking the Chemistry Experience Home — Home Experiments or “Kitchen Chemistry” Robert Lyall and Antonio (Tony) F. Patti Accessible Elements Interior.indd 7 14/12/09 5:39 PM 109 chapter six Acquisition of Laboratory Skills by On-Campus and Distance Education Students Jenny Mosse and Wendy Wright 131 chapter seven Low-Cost Physics Home Laboratory Farook Al-Shamali and Martin Connors 147 chapter eight Laboratories in the Earth Sciences Edward Cloutis 167 chapter nine Remote Control Teaching Laboratories and Practicals Dietmar Kennepohl Logistics 191 chapter ten Needs, Costs, and Accessibility of de Science Lab Programs Lawton Shaw and Robert Carmichael 213 chapter eleven Challenges and Opportunities for Teaching Laboratory Sciences at a Distance in a Developing Country Md. Tofazzal Islam 235 chapter twelve Distance and Flexible Learning at University of the South Pacific Anjeela Jokhan and Bibhya N. Sharma 247 chapter thirteen Institutional Considerations: A Vision for Distance Education Erwin Boschmann 267 Author Biographies 275 Index Accessible Elements Interior.indd 8 14/12/09 5:39 PM Foreword Professor Michael Grahame Moore, Ph.D. The Pennsylvania State University Editor: The American Journal of Distance Education I first became aware that there were special problems in teaching science at a distance some forty years ago when Charles Wedemeyer asked me to write (in those days on a typewriter to be delivered by surface mail) to a selection of distance teaching institutions around the world. What he wanted to know was what solutions, if any, they had found to the problem of enabling people who stud- ied at home to undertake scientific experiments as part of a dis- tance learning program. One of Wedemeyer’s core beliefs was that if teachers applied enough creative intellectual effort, any learning outcome that could be achieved in a classroom should be achiev- able outside also, and he would not accept the popular assump- tion that people who studied at home, usually in their spare time, could not study science simply because they should have to un- dertake experiments. The question was not if it could be done, but how best to do it, and particularly, how to accommodate the need for experiences that were usually undertaken in a laboratory. In his Articulated Media Project (Wedemeyer & Najem, 1969) he had already come up with one answer to this particular problem, in the form of mobile laboratories that traveled around his state, an idea based on what he had heard about a common practice in the So- viet Union, where laboratories for distance learners were shunted IX Accessible Elements Interior.indd 9 14/12/09 5:39 PM around the country on railway trains. Looking for a simpler and less costly solution, my assignment was related to his work on the concept of the home experiment kit. This would be a package of materials and equipment that could be loaned to the student, who would use it in conducting science experiments at home. It was one of many ideas that Wedemeyer had been discussing with friends in the United Kingdom who were in the process of setting up the Open University, where it became extremely successful as sophis- ticated and ingenious home experiment kits were developed on an industrial scale (see Chapter 10). Forty years after those early initiatives — and in spite of the ex- ample of the Open University, which has not only shown that science can be taught at a distance, but has become a world center of high quality science — the prejudice that science can only be taught face- to-face is still widespread, especially in the United States. Indeed, innovative course and program proposals frequently fail to get off the ground because of very ill-informed assertions by classroom teachers that distance teaching of science is not possible. It should be a matter of some surprise — now that we have Dietmar Kennepohl and Lawton Shaw’s book before us — to real- ize how long it has taken for someone to produce a book to chal- lenge this prejudice, indeed to begin to describe the problem and to document some of the ways in which it has been tackled. Fur- ther evidence of the slowness of the educational community to deal with the challenge — and opportunity — of distance teach- ing in the sciences is provided by the number of articles that have appeared in the quality research journals. In more than twenty years, the American Journal of Distance Education has received only one publishable research-based article having “science” in its title; this was an article on the subject of science teaching in high schools (Martin & Rainey, 1993). Added to this, there have been descriptive, i.e., non-research based reports, in the Journal’s “Grassroots” section describing isolated experiences in science teacher education (Jaeger, 1995), and another about an attempt X • accessible elements Accessible Elements Interior.indd 10 14/12/09 5:39 PM to deliver a biology laboratory (Naber & Leblanc, 1994). A recent research article (Abdel-Salam, Kauffmann & Crossman, 2007) reports an experiment to provide laboratory experiences in en- gineering courses. Given this dearth of information, the arrival of a whole volume on the subject of science education at a distance is an extremely important event. The book is not a final answer to the challenge of science teaching, and of course none of its contributors would imagine it to be so. (Personally, I would have liked the editors to have found more evidence about the use, or potential use, of vir- tual reality as a powerful alternative to the real-world laboratory; it is presumably a topic that will follow as this book inspires oth- ers to experiment and report on their progress in this approach.) The book is, however, an excellent overview of the state of the art, revealing where we are today, and pointing to the problems and opportunities now opening up to us, especially the opportunities for using, as I have just indicated, Web 2.0 technologies. As such it provides an excellent foundation for teachers, researchers, and students who are preparing themselves to come to grips with the exciting opportunities in this field. The book provides the global perspective, the editors having searched globally for their contributors — as indeed in such a ne- glected area they would have to. Thus, while the majority of contri- butions come from their own Athabasca University and Australia’s Monash University, these are complemented by experiences from other North American universities, from Israel, Bangladesh, the University of South Pacific, and the United Kingdom. Represented here are physicists, biologists, and chemists, an astronomer, a mi- crobiologist, and a geographer, among others. All of course, are en- gaged in teaching their subjects, but — and this is the core strength of the book in my opinion — they have been well complemented with a team of educational scientists, people who I am fairly sure are like me in knowing little or nothing about biology, chemistry, or physics, but who know quite a lot about how people learn and Foreword • XI Accessible Elements Interior.indd 11 14/12/09 5:39 PM how best to teach them.