Towards a Culture of Peace NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT Republic of Moldova 2000 UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME CZU 009 (478)=20 N 26 Contributors to the Moldovan Human Development Report 2000 UNDP Moldova Team Søren Tejnø Irene Stavenski Svetlana Alexandrova Moldovan Team Vladimir Anikin, ASM Anatol Rojco, ASM Nicolae Chirtoacã, EAC Gheorghe Russu, CSP Anatol Gudym, CISR Mihail Sidorov, HRC Andrei Eºanu, ASM Vladimir Solonari, Parliament Victor Josu, Parliament Tatiana Spãtaru, HCA Miroslava Luchiancicova, AFSS Tatiana Stoyanova, DIER Valeriu Moºneaga, MSU Irene Suhomlin, USAM Andrei Munteanu, CISR Tudor Tomozei, RCAP Oazu Nantoi, IF Nicolae Vizitei, USLM Larisa Olaru-Vârtosu, UN TGC Elena Vutcariov, DSAS Olga Poalelungi, Parliament Lilia Zabolotnaya, ASM International Consultants Maarten Keune, European University Institute, Florence Joao Guimaraes, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague English Language Editor Ethel Hetherington Perina Editorial Team Gheorghe Balan, Andrei Munteanu, Andrei Þurcan Design & layout Ion Axenti Cover page Dance of Peace - Andrei ªestacovschi The views expressed herein are those of the authors of the Report and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme or the Government. UNDP Moldova 31 August str. No.131, 2012 Chiºinãu, Republic of Moldova ISBN 9975-9581-2-5 Mihai Eminescu Cu mâne zilele-þi adaogi... With lifes tomorrow time you grasp... Cu mâine zilele-þi adaogi, With lifes tomorrow time you grasp, Cu ieri viaþa ta o scazi Its yesterdays you fling away, ªi ai cu toate astea-n faþã And still, in spite of all remains De-a pururi ziua cea de azi. Its long eternity, today. Când unul trece, altul vine When one thing goes, another comes În astã lume a-l urma, In this wide world by heaven borne; Precum, când soarele apune, And when the sun is setting here El ºi rãsare undeva. Tis somewhere else just breaking dawn. Se pare cum cã alte valuri It seems somehow that other waves Cobor mereu pe-acelaºi vad, Are rolling down the same old stream, Se pare cum cã-i altã toamnã, And somehow, though the autumns change, Ci-n veci aceleaºi frunze cad. Tis but the same leaves fall it seem. Naintea nopþii noastre îmblã Before our night does ever ride Crãiasa dulcii dimineþi; The queen of mornings rosy skies; Chiar moartea însãºi e-o pãrere While even death is but a guess, ªi un visternic de vieþi. Of life a notion, a surmise. Din orice clipã trecãtoare Of every moment that goes by Ãst adevãr îl înþeleg; One fact each mortal creature knows; Cã sprijinã vecia-ntreagã The universe is poised in time ªi-nvârte universu-ntreg. And whirling round forever goes. De-aceea zboare anu-acesta Still, though this year will fly away ªi se cufunde în trecut, And soon but to the bygone add, Tu ai º-acum comoara-ntregã Within your soul you ever hold Ce-n suflet pururi ai avut. Each thing of worth you ever had. Cu mâine zilele-þi adaogi, With lifes tomorrow time you grasp, Cu ieri viaþa ta o scazi, Its yesterdays you fling away, Având cu toate astea-n faþã And still, in spite of all remains De-a purure ziua de azi. Its long eternity, today. Priveliºte sclipitoare, A radiant and brilliant view, Ce-n repezi ºiruri se diºtern: In rapid glimpses may be caught, Repaosã nestrãmutate Of infinite, unending calm, Sub raza gândului etern. Bathed in the rays of timeless thought. 1883 UNESCO declared the year 2000 as the Year of Mihai Eminescu (1850-1889) poet, philosopher and public figure who made an extraordinary contribution to the spiritual revival of his nation. 4 National Human Development Report Foreword Entering the 21st century, humanity acknowledged that the only possibility to survive and develop is through the culture of peace. The UN General Assembly proclaimed the year 2000 as the International Year for the Culture of Peace. The concept of the Culture of Peace, expressed for the first time by Federico Mayor, General Secretary of UNESCO, at the International Con- gress of Yamoussoukro in 1989 as an idea of the new vision of the world, means the art, ability, and culture of living peacefully. Instead of the cynical proverb If you want peace, prepare for war, people must say: If we want peace, prepare for peace and try to build it in your daily life. The Culture of Peace is a dynamic initiative aimed at the transition from the logic of power and fear towards the ethics of non-violence and the logic of reason, towards the search for ways of peacefully resolving all kinds of conflicts, from the problems of family and community to the most difficult situations at the national or international levels. Construction of the Culture of Peace is a task towards the fullfilment of which all states, big or small, can contribute considerably. The present Report focuses on the culture of peace as an extraordinarily acute problem for the Republic of Moldova. At the national level it is necessary to strengthen actions which foster a Culture of Peace by encouraging democratic participation and education, broadening the role of the civil society, promoting respect for all human rights, ensuring equality between women and men, advancing under- standing, tolerance and solidarity, supporting participatory communication and the free flow of information and knowledge. Among the first measures to be taken are the promotion of sustainable economic development, the reduction of social inequalities, the eradication of poverty within the country, and the protection of the environment. Other actions should include regional conflict prevention and post-conflict peace building, ensuring international cooperation. All of these problems are vital for the Republic of Moldova. This is why the cultivation of the culture of peace can and should become the dominant concept in the strategy for a flourishing and sustainable development of the country. Søren Tejnø Resident Representative, UNDP Moldova 5 Towards a Culture of Peace Contents Mihai Eminescu. With Lifes Tomorrow Time You Grasp....... 3 Foreword ....................................................................................... 4 Introduction ....................................................................................7 Executive Summary ...................................................................... 9 Chapter 1 New Beginning for the New Millennium: Contributing to the Culture of Peace ..............................................13 1.1 United Nations for the Culture of Peace: Evolution of a Concept ............... 13 1.2 Promoting the Culture of Peace ................................................................. 19 Chapter 2 Relevance of the Culture of Peace for the Republic of Moldova ......24 2.1 The Culture of Peace a Top Priority for Moldova .................................. 24 2.2. Political Transformations............................................................................ 27 2.3 Ethno-Political Tensions and Post-Conflict Peace Building ......................... 33 2.4 Creating Constructive Inter-Ethnic Relations.............................................. 37 Chapter 3 Cultural Traditions - The Heritage of the Country ...........................42 3.1 Preserving Cultural Traditions and Searching for the Novel....................... 42 3.2 Religious Practice: Mutual Understanding, Tolerance ................................. 51 Chapter 4 The Role of the State and Human Rights .........................................56 4.1 The role of Legislation in Promoting the Culture of Peace ......................... 56 4.2 Protecting Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ............................... 59 4.3 The Rights of Women ................................................................................. 63 Chapter 5 Socio-Economic Problems and Policies ...........................................70 5.1 Contradictions of the Transition Economy ................................................. 70 5.2 The Urban-Rural Divide ............................................................................ 75 5.3 Crime as a Reflection of Social Tensions..................................................... 79 Chapter 6 Education and the Nations Health ..................................................83 6.1 Through Education Towards the Culture of Peace..................................... 83 6.2 The Nations Health a Pledge for its Future ............................................ 89 Chapter 7 Building Civil Society ........................................................................94 7.1 NGO Activity and the Citizens Voluntary Responsibility ........................... 94 7.2 Mass Media and the Free Flow of Information ........................................... 98 6 National Human Development Report Chapter 8 External Challenges and Prospects for the Culture of Peace 101 8.1 Moldova on its Way to European Integration ........................................... 101 8.2 Peace and Security: The Role of International Organizations .................... 103 Chapter 9 National Human Development Report As a Tool for Policy Dialogue .........................................................110 Conclusions ............................................................................................ 112 Annexes: The Human Development Index and its Basic Components ............................................................. 114 A. Technical Note on the Statistical Measurement of Human Development in the Republic of Moldova B. Some Aspects of Human Development Vis-a-Vis Main Human Development Indicators C. Selected Definitions of Some Human