Study on “State of the European Commission Art of Electronic Road DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR MOBILITY AND TRANSPORT Tolling” Directorate D – Logistics, maritime MOVE/D3/2014-259 and land transport and passenger rights Report October 2015 Study on “State of the European Commission DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR Art of Electronic Road MOBILITY AND TRANSPORT Tolling” Directorate D – Logistics, maritime MOVE/D3/2014-259 and land transport and passenger rights Report October 2015 Prepared by: Prepared for: 4icom European Commission Steer Davies Gleave DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR MOBILITY AND TRANSPORT Directorate D – Logistics, maritime and land transport and passenger rights Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... i Introduction and objectives ........................................................................................................... i Current state of play ...................................................................................................................... i Assessment of the existing tolling market ..................................................................................... i Potential for other tolling technologies.........................................................................................ii Realizing a future for EETS ............................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................iv 1 Introduction to the Study.................................................................................................... 1 2 WP1: Market review of toll schemes in Europe .................................................................... 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 3 Legislative Framework .................................................................................................................. 4 State of the Art in Europe ............................................................................................................. 7 EETS: Main issues and prospects ................................................................................................ 27 3 WP2: Toll Systems Evaluation ........................................................................................... 29 Introduction to toll systems........................................................................................................ 29 Technical solutions ..................................................................................................................... 31 Tolling sub-Systems .................................................................................................................... 33 Enforcement techniques ............................................................................................................ 54 Central System ............................................................................................................................ 61 Customer Relationship and Assistance ....................................................................................... 62 Payment schemes and solutions ................................................................................................ 64 Technology Evolution ................................................................................................................. 66 4 WP3: Performance assessment ......................................................................................... 69 Qualitative performance considerations .................................................................................... 69 Technical key performance indicators ........................................................................................ 79 5 WP4: Focus on cost considerations ................................................................................... 85 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 85 Overall Cost Analysis ................................................................................................................... 85 Cost Analysis : benchmark and focus ......................................................................................... 93 October 2015 Main conclusions and considerations from the Toll Charger perspective ................................. 96 6 Main conclusions and recommendations ........................................................................... 97 Glossary.................................................................................................................................... 104 Figures Figure 2.1: Challenge facing EETS - one user, multiple OBUs ....................................................... 4 Figure 3.1: ETC System ................................................................................................................ 29 Figure 3.2: Compliance checking and enforcement activities .................................................... 55 Figure 3.3: ANPR example .......................................................................................................... 56 Figure 5.1: Toll scheme development and cost analysis process ............................................... 86 Figure 5.2: Indicative timescales for the development of a tolling scheme ............................... 87 Tables Table 2.1: Overview of distance-based tolling systems, Heavy Vehicles ..................................... 7 Table 2.2: Distance-based tolling systems for Heavy Vehicles - Selected Case Studies ............... 7 Table 2.3: Overview of time-based tolling systems, Heavy Vehicles .......................................... 22 Table 2.4: Overview of distance-based tolling systems, Light Vehicles ..................................... 22 Table 2.5: Overview of time-based tolling systems, Light Vehicles ............................................ 24 Table 2.6: Overview of access-based tolling systems, All Vehicles ............................................ 25 Table 3.1: Supporting infrastructure .......................................................................................... 33 Table 3.2: Manual tolling cost components summary ............................................................... 35 Table 3.3: Cost component summary for traditional tolling using self-service machines ......... 37 Table 3.4: Summary of cost components for tolling using vignettes ......................................... 38 Table 3.5: Cost component summary for tolling using electronic vignettes .............................. 40 Table 3.6: Cost component summary for single lane tolling using DSRC ................................... 42 Table 3.7: Cost component summary for free-flow tolling using DSRC ..................................... 45 Table 3.8: Cost component summary for free-flow tolling using GNSS ..................................... 47 Table 3.9: Cost component summary for tolling using a tachograph ........................................ 49 Table 3.10: Cost component summary for tolling using ANPR ................................................... 51 Table 3.11: Cost component summary for tolling using RFID .................................................... 53 October 2015 Table 12: Central system set-up cost elements .......................................................................... 62 Table 13: Central system operation and maintenance cost elements ....................................... 62 Table 3.14: Summary of Applications which V2V and V2I are planned to Support ................... 67 Table 4.1: Example schemes grouped by hypothetical scenarios .............................................. 70 Table 4.2: Technology assessment against set of Scenarios ...................................................... 71 Table 4.3: Technology Flexibility ................................................................................................. 75 Table 4.4: Example Matrix and Scoring for Technology Options................................................ 77 Table 4.6: Viapass Distance Accuracy Targets. Source ViaPass Technical Architecture Ver 2.7, 12/12/2012. ................................................................................................................................ 84 Table 5.1: Technical considerations relating to tolling during the feasibility stage ................... 88 Table 5.2: Technical considerations relating to enforcement during the feasibility stage ........ 89 Table 5.3: Key figures for Ecomouv’ in France............................................................................ 93 Table 5.4: Benckmark between GNSS and DSRC solution .......................................................... 94 Appendices A Abbreviation B List of Interviews C Exploring the evidence base D References E Acknowledgments October 2015 Study on “State of the Art of Electronic Road Tolling” MOVE/D3/2014-259 | Report Executive Summary Introduction and objectives The principal objective of this study is to provide an overview of those electronic tolling solutions that are available at the current time and those that have potential for the near future. Those solutions are placed in the context of their use in different