Pronunciation Guide (excerpts from Bhajan Dictionary compiled by Alova) Vowels A Note on the International Sanskrit Transliteration Code Sanskrit is a phonetic language: each written letter corresponds to a Thransliteration Ehnglis Stpanis Suanskri Telug specific sound. Pronunciation of any written Sanskrit word is clear and unam- a m—other, up A biguous. The Sanskrit and Telugu alphabets each have over 50 letters; the Roman À fáather, aardvark mam Aa alphabet has only 26. Therefore, when attempting to represent Indian lan- guages in the Roman alphabet, something must be done to the 26 letters to ai beite, I, eye, height, aisle bail @e allow them to represent more than 50 sounds. The International Sanskrit Trans- literation Code was thus formulated by Sanskrit scholars early in the last cen- au blout, pout, now automóvi AaE tury. Diacritical marks such as under-dots and over-bars indicate the extra sounds denoted by Sanskrit letters. This code is used in this dictionary, as e babe, bait, grey (Sanskrit, Hindi) b—ebé @ well as by all major publishers of Sanskrit transliterations. English is not a phonetic language: a sequence of letters can often be Î pet, best (Telugu) — — pronounced in many different ways, depending on the word. Such ambigui- ties naturally lead to ambiguities when using the Roman alphabet in translit- ¼ pay e)longated (Telugu — — eration. The International Sanskrit Transliteration Code was developed to elimi- nate these ambiguities. b—it, pit # i When words from non-Indian languages are incorporated into Hindi, the sounds are represented by Hindi letters (just as transliterated Sanskrit words beeet, beat cisn Á $ are represented by Roman letters). It is important to note that the transliter- ated sounds are for the transliterated words only, and are not general for Hindi. revelry like là extremely rare — Ò ¤ For example, there is no sound “z” in Hindi and therefore no Hindi letter for that sound. So the Hindi letter “j” is used to denote the “z” sound and the like Þà extremely rare — ¥ Þ “zh” sound in words of foreign origin. However, the letter “j” is usually pro- o bloat, hope automóvi nounced as in “just” and is only pronounced as “z” or “zh” in certain words of Aae non-Indian origin. ½ oh e)longated (Telugu — — A Note on “a” and “À” flipped and used as a vowel; Please take special note of the pronunciation of “a” and “À”. “a” is the — \ most common vowel in Indian languages, and is formed by totally relaxing à in between birth and pretty the entire throat and mouth and uttering the simplest sound possible. This Å brrr! as à but longer; extremely rare — \& sound is not used in Spanish or Italian. The open “À” is pronounced as in Spanish or Italian. u p—ut, good, full % A Note on “ai” and “e” Please take note of the pronunciation of “ai” (‘eye”) and “e”(“hay, hey”). booot, crude, food susurr  ^ A few words in Hindi spelled with “ai” are often pronounced like “Δ (“pet”), which is then spelled as “e,” and thus the sound “ai” is often mistakenly pro- These 3 pages may be printed out for personal use only. nounced as “e.” It is easy to remember “vaidehÁ,” which includes both sounds. Page 1 of 3 Pronunciation Guide (excerpts from Bhajan Dictionary compiled by Alova) Consonants, Semivowels, Sibilants Consonants, Semivowels, Sibilants Transliteration Ehnglish Stpanis Suanskri Telug Thransliteration Ehnglis Stpanis Suanskri Telug r tongue flipped to roof of mouth arado r b bit, baby bebé b º t)ongue flipped to roof of mouth (Telugu —— c cohip, chocolate churr c s soit, sell, cell, say silenci s d doip, do ded d œ sure! tongue as in yet (German sch) — z ç cerebral, tongue to roof of mouth — f È s—hip, shell ; g goet, go gat g t taip, tell tarim t h hit, hop (Latin American Spanish) jirafa h Ç cerebral, tongue to roof of mouth — q Í expel breath completely repeating vowel — > v originally vat; now sometimes as wit vivir v jeob, just, general yat j j y yeet, yes y es qu y jð pronounced as gð — } k kéit, call qu k Aspirated Consonants Thransliteration Etnglis Suanskri Telug l loit, look libr l bh ahbro É Þ cerebral, tongue to roof of mouth — ¦ ch chatcmh i D m máit, moon, mother mam m dh ghodaohod, deer x É pronunciation depends on following letter — — çh --- F huh? final nasal sound in Hindi —— Ë ~ gh lhogtu n not, no before dentals do, t nud n jh hhedgge o H ô sing, sink before g—, h, k, l, r, v, s, È, œ, y f· kh bhlocnk ehad, i knor o ð banyan, singe before palatals ca, j maðan | ph uhpoihll, lo peol ) õ cerebral, tongue to roof of mouth, before ç,Ç — [ th ahntlil w p pit, pen papá p Çh --- Q Page 2 of 3 Pronunciation Guide (excerpts from Bhajan Dictionary compiled by Alova) Where Sounds Resonate In modern Indian languages it has become common practice to write any Sounds in Indian languages may be classified according the location of nasal sound before a consonant as “É” or “Ë.” Probably as a result of “É” being the sound in the throat and mouth: used for anusvara, many modern speakers incorrectly pronounce the anusvÀra as “m” in all cases, rather than correctly as in the above table. 1. Guttural sounds (resonance in the throat) In Hindi, “Ë” at the end of words usually denotes a plural or honorific. It a À g gh Í h k kh ô is pronounced as an open nasal sound as in French “bon,” and not as a closed a nasal consonant ( ô, ð, õ, n, or m). 2. Palatal sounds (tongue touches palate) Aspirated Consonants c ch i Á j jh ð œ y Aspirated consonants are made by expelling breath immediately after the a consonant. When pronouncing an aspirated consonant, one can feel breath on a 3. Cerebral sounds (tongue tip touches roof of mouth) hand that is held six inches in front of the mouth. Unaspirated consonants are ç çh Þ õ à Šr º (Telugu) È Ç Çh pronounced with a minimum of breath. a A Note on “t” and “th” 4. Dental sounds (tongue presses behind teeth) The International Sanskrit Transliteration Code denotes aspirated conso- d dh Ò å l Þ n s t th nants (bh, ch, dh, çh gh, jh, kh, ph, th, Çh) with “h” following the consonant. The a Roman “th” has often been used to represent the Sanskrit or Telugu letter “t.” 5. Labial sounds (resonance at the lips) For example, “satya” is often spelled as “sathya.” However, the aspirated letter “th” is not the letter in satya, in Sanskrit or Telugu. The aspirated letter “th” is b bh m p ph u  v found in the words “nÀtha” and “daœaratha,” for example. Non-standard trans- A Note on the nasal anusvÀra literation has no way to distinguish this aspirated letter “th” from the unaspirated The nasal “É” (anusvÀra, Hindi “Ë”) is written herein as “ô,” “ð,” “õ,” “t” in “satya.” In fact, non-standard transliteration has no way to distinguish “n,” “Ë,” or “m” according to its pronunciation in the word: between t, Ç, th and Çh, or between d, ç, dh, and çh. In order to avoid ambiguity and assist readers in correct pronunciation, É before is pronounced as the standard International Sanskrit Translation Code is used throughout this work. In pronunciation, readers are cautioned to pronounce dentals “t”, “d” and “n” (y1) guttural or semivowel g h k l r v ô with the tip of the tongue pressed tightly against the back teeth and hard palate. (ð2) palatal c j œ ð Note that the “th” sound in “truth” is not the “th” sound in Sanskrit or other Indian languages. (Ç3) cerebral ç õ È õ A Note on “ph” (s4) dental d n t n In Sanskrit, the letter transliterated as “ph” is always pronounced as in (p5) labial b m m “loophole.” There is no “f” sound in Sanskrit. In Hindi, the incorporation of foreign words containing the sound “f” has HËindi final nasal sound final nasal in huh? or French bon led to the “ph” letter being pronounced as “f.” Readers are cautioned to pro- For example, “saÉsÀra” (worldly illusion) is correctly pronounced as nounce “ph” as “ph” in Sanskrit, Hindi and Telugu, and as “f” only in words of “saôsÀra,” and the latter spelling is therefore used in this work. However, it non-Indian origin when appropriate. For example, the word “phalam” (fruit) is will be found in a Sanskrit or Telugu dictionary under “saÉsÀra” (in the ap- correctly pronounced, in all Indian languages, with the aspirated “ph” sound in propriate alphabet) and in a Hindi dictionary under “saËsÀra.” “loophole,” and not with the “f” sound. Page 3 of 3.