BIOPLASTICS - A GLOBAL MARKET WATCH PUBLICATION: DECEMBER 2012 CURRENT TRENDS, ESTIMATES AND FORECASTS (2011-2016) PRICE: US$2550 NO. OF PAGES: 1025 TABLES/CHARTS: 141 Copyright © 2012 REPORT CODE: ARMMR179 All Rights Reserved BIOPLASTICS - A GLOBAL MARKET WATCH, 2011-2016 I. REPORT FOCUS................................................................................... 1 A. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 4 PLASTICS ............................................................................................................... 4 PLASTICS IN GENERAL................................................................................................ 9 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 9 ORIGIN AND HISTORY .................................................................................................................. 9 PLASTICS HISTORY IN EUROPE ...................................................................................................... 10 DEVELOPMENT OF PLASTICS IN THE US ........................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION OF FORMALDEHYDE RESINS ...................................................................................... 10 EMERGENCE OF PLASTICS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ...................................................................... 11 MODERN LIFE MADE EASIER BY PLASTICS ......................................................................................... 11 ADVANTAGES OF PLASTICS IN VARIOUS SECTORS ............................................................. 11 FOOD .................................................................................................................................... 11 CLOTHING .............................................................................................................................. 12 HOUSEHOLD ........................................................................................................................... 12 TRANSPORTATION .................................................................................................................... 13 HEALTH CARE ......................................................................................................................... 13 COMMUNICATION/ENTERTAINMENT ............................................................................................... 14 SPORTS AND RECREATION ........................................................................................................... 14 SOME INTERESTING FACTS ......................................................................................... 15 PLASTICS IN EVERYDAY LIFE ........................................................................................................ 15 PLASTICS AND THE ECONOMY ...................................................................................................... 16 PLASTICS AND ENERGY ............................................................................................................... 16 PLASTICS IN MEDICINE ............................................................................................................... 17 PLASTIC IN WASTE STREAM ......................................................................................................... 17 PAGE:-i BIOPLASTICS - A GLOBAL MARKET WATCH, 2011-2016 PLASTICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................. 18 1. PLASTIC AGRICULTURAL WASTE BY APPLICATION AND TYPE OF PLASTICS .............................................. 18 B. BIOPLASTICS – IN BRIEF ......................................................................................... 19 A. PLASTICS ........................................................................................................... 19 B. BIO-PLASTICS ...................................................................................................... 19 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 20 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) OF BIO-PLASTICS ............................................................................... 22 END-OF-LIFE MANAGEMENT OF BIO-PLASTICS ................................................................................... 22 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 23 C. PRODUCTS OF BIO-PLASTICS ................................................................................... 24 POLY SACCHARIDES ................................................................................................. 24 I. STARCH PLASTICS ................................................................................................. 24 STARCH POLYMERS FOR NON-PLASTIC APPLICATIONS .......................................................................... 24 STARCH PLASTICS – TYPES AND IMPORTANCE .................................................................................... 24 STARCH IN PACKAGING .............................................................................................................. 25 PRODUCTION OF STARCH PLASTICS ............................................................................................... 25 TYPES OF STARCH .................................................................................................................... 25 PARTIALLY FERMENTED STARCH ................................................................................................... 26 THERMOPLASTIC STARCH (TPS) .................................................................................................... 27 CHEMICALLY MODIFIED STARCH .................................................................................................... 27 STARCH BLENDS ....................................................................................................................... 27 STARCH COMPOSITES ................................................................................................................ 28 II. CELLULOSE ........................................................................................................ 30 CELLULOSIC POLYMERS FOR NON-PLASTIC APPLICATIONS ..................................................................... 31 CELLULOSIC PLASTICS – TYPES AND IMPORTANCE............................................................................... 32 PAGE:-ii BIOPLASTICS - A GLOBAL MARKET WATCH, 2011-2016 A. ORGANIC CELLULOSE ESTERS ................................................................................................... 32 B. REGENERATED CELLULOSE ....................................................................................................... 32 POLY ESTERS ......................................................................................................... 37 I. POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA).......................................................................................... 37 HISTORY OF PLA ...................................................................................................................... 37 PLA STRENGTHS...................................................................................................... 38 BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER .......................................................................................................... 38 POWER INPUTS AND EMISSION OF HARMFUL AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES ...................................................... 38 TRANSPARENCY ....................................................................................................................... 38 HIGH RIGIDITY AND ABILITY TO HOLD THE SHAPE AFTER PRESSING OR TWISTING ........................................ 39 POTENTIAL TO CRAFT ADJUSTABLE AND CONTRACTABLE FILM............................................................... 39 POSSIBILITIES TO PRINT ON THE MATERIAL ...................................................................................... 39 PLA DISADVANTAGES ................................................................................................ 39 HEAT RESISTANCE .................................................................................................................... 39 BARRIER CHARACTERISTICS WITH RESPECT TO OXYGEN ....................................................................... 39 DIFFUSION CONSTANT CO2 .......................................................................................................... 39 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS OF “CORN PLASTIC” ............................................................. 39 ADVANTAGES OF PLA ................................................................................................................. 40 DRAWBACKS/CRITICISM OF PLA .................................................................................................... 40 PRODUCTION OF PLA................................................................................................ 41 PLA FROM LACTIC ACID .............................................................................................................. 41 PROPERTIES OF COPOLYMERS, BLENDS AND COMPOSITES ..................................................................... 44 PLA AS A COPOLYMER ...............................................................................................................