Endbericht Teil A ‐ Datenauswertung Rotwildmarkierung im Dreiländereck (Vorarlberg, Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Kanton Graubünden) Im Auftrag von Bezirksgruppe Bludenz Amt für Jagd und Fischerei Graubünden Uffizi da chatscha e pestga dal Grischun Ufficio per la caccia e la pesca dei Grigioni Forschungsinstitut für Wildtierkunde und Ökologie Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien Online Edition: ISBN 978-3-9504175-3-1 DOI: 10.17439/Hirsch-Raet_Teil-A 1 Rotwildmarkierung im Dreiländereck (Vorarlberg, Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Kanton Graubünden) Teil A – Datenauswertung Habitat use and activity of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the alpine region «Raetikon» (Three Country Corner Vorarlberg/Austria – Principality of Liechtenstein – Grisons/Switzerland) Part A – Data evaluation Vienna 2015 Reimoser F., Duscher T., Duscher A. Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien ISBN 978‐3‐9504175‐3‐1 Online Edition DOI: 10.17439/Hirsch‐Raet_Teil‐A wildlife.info, online publications Wildlife Endbericht 2 Rotwildmarkierung im Dreiländereck, (Vorarlberg, Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Kanton Graubünden) Teil A – Datenauswertung Projektleitung: Univ.Prof. DI Dr. Friedrich REIMOSER Sachbearbeiter: Dipl.-Biol.-Tanja DUSCHER DI Andreas DUSCHER Forschungsinstitut für Wildtierkunde und Ökologie Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien Institutsvorstand: o.Univ.Prof. Dr. Walter ARNOLD 1160 Wien, Savoyenstraße 1 3 Abstract Habitat use and activity of the red deer population in the alpine region „Raetikon", the three-country- corner of Vorarlberg (Austria), Grisons (Switzerland), and Principality of Liechtenstein, were investigated in the period 2009 to 2014. In this case study 67 individuals of red deer (38 females, 29 males) were provided with GPS-GSM collar transmitters. The study serves as a basis for an optimization of the red deer management in the investigated area with an efficient coordination of management measures between the countries. The three countries have different legal hunting systems and management concepts. Main objective is a regionally sustainable red deer management through a country-comprehensive, harmonized planning of the red deer management to avoid management conflicts between the countries, related particularly to shooting seasons, game damage to forests, overwintering concept with and without supplementary winter feeding, minimum culling rates, rest areas, etc.). The results show that a part of the red deer population moved from their winter habitats into separate summer habitats, while another part used the same field during the whole year. The share of the „migrating" red deer is different in the three countries. Routes and periods of migration could be documented, and influences of weather conditions and disturbance factors onto the migration movements were found. According to the location the animals were marked, a considerable part of the red deer moved during the seasonal migrations into a neighbouring country (in particular of Grisons to Vorarlberg in spring and in reverse direction in autumn). But also the roaming-fields of the site-loyal red deer exceed in part the state border (between Liechtenstein and Vorarlberg) – with a different share according to the marking site. The daily and seasonal activity patterns of the investigated red deer showed differences between the three counties and partly between the sexes. Here in particular the influence of the supplementary winter feeding in Vorarlberg and disturbance effects through hunting pressure could be found. Protected refuge areas, rest zones for wildlife, and supplementary winter feeding areas had a decisive influence on the habitat use of red deer. In order to obtain helpful information for the establishment and/or enlargement of conservation areas, the influence of different site-dependent habitat factors on the habitat-use behaviour of red deer was investigated. In this present part A of the project report, the evaluation of data, discussion of results, and conclusions are included. In a further part B the individual data are presented for each collared animal, arranged according to marking country and marking site (DOI: 10.17439/Hirsch-Raet_Teil-B). © Copyright by Vorarlberger Jägerschaft - Bezirksgruppe Bludenz Markus-Sittikus-Straße 20 6845 Hohenems Amt für Jagd und Fischerei Graubünden Loëstrasse 14 CH-7001 Chur Amt für Umwelt Fürstentum Liechtenstein Dr. Grass-Strasse 12 FL-9490 Vaduz 4 Inhalt 1 Einleitung ........................................................................................................................7 1.1 Projektziele...............................................................................................................7 1.2 Projektablauf ............................................................................................................8 2 Material und Methode ......................................................................................................9 2.1 Ohrmarken .............................................................................................................10 2.2 GPS-GSM-Halsbänder ...........................................................................................11 2.3 Black Bulbs ............................................................................................................12 2.4 Datenaufbereitung und – Auswertung ....................................................................12 2.4.1 GPS-Daten ......................................................................................................12 2.4.2 Saisonale Raumnutzung .................................................................................13 2.4.3 Standortabhängige Faktoren ...........................................................................14 2.4.4 Wetterdaten ....................................................................................................14 2.4.5 Aktivitätsdaten .................................................................................................16 2.4.6 Beunruhigung ..................................................................................................16 2.5 Schlucksender ........................................................................................................16 3 Ergebnisse ....................................................................................................................18 3.1 Räumliche Verteilung .............................................................................................18 3.1.1 Vorarlberg .......................................................................................................20 3.1.2 Liechtenstein ...................................................................................................36 3.1.3 Graubünden ....................................................................................................46 3.1.4 Räumliche Verteilung des ohrmarkierten Rotwildes.........................................65 3.2 Saisonale Raumnutzung ........................................................................................65 3.2.1 Raumnutzungstypen .......................................................................................65 3.2.2 Streifgebietsgrößen .........................................................................................70 3.2.3 Wanderrouten .................................................................................................71 3.2.4 Räumliches Verhalten während der Brunft ......................................................93 3.2.5 Aufenthalte in den verschiedenen Ländern .....................................................95 3.3 Standortabhängige Faktoren ................................................................................ 100 3.4 Witterung .............................................................................................................. 111 3.4.1 Wetterdaten .................................................................................................. 111 3.4.2 Black Bulbs ................................................................................................... 114 3.5 Tages- und jahreszeitliche Aktivitätsmuster .......................................................... 119 3.6 Beunruhigungen ................................................................................................... 128 3.6.1 Drückjagden .................................................................................................. 128 5 3.6.2 Jagdzeiten und Bejagungsintensität .............................................................. 139 3.6.3 Schutzgebiete und Ruhezonen ..................................................................... 143 3.6.4 Nicht-jagdliche Freizeitaktivitäten .................................................................. 144 4 Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen ............................................................................ 145 4.1 Methodendiskussion ............................................................................................. 145 4.2 Ergebnisdiskussion .............................................................................................. 147 4.2.1 Saisonale Raumnutzung ............................................................................... 147 4.2.2 Habitatnutzung unter Berücksichtigung standortabhängiger Faktoren ........... 149 4.2.3 Aktivität des Rotwildes in Abhängigkeit von Fütterung und Beunruhigung .... 150 4.3 Grundlagen für nachhaltige Rotwildbewirtschaftung ............................................. 152 5 Zusammenfassung .....................................................................................................