Addressing selfishness in the design of cooperative systems Guido Lena Cota To cite this version: Guido Lena Cota. Addressing selfishness in the design of cooperative systems. Computer Science and Game Theory [cs.GT]. Université de Lyon; Università degli studi (Milan, Italie). Convegno di studi (2000 ; Milano), 2017. English. NNT : 2017LYSEI023. tel-02191480 HAL Id: tel-02191480 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02191480 Submitted on 23 Jul 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NNT : 2017LYSEI023 DOCTORAL THESIS Cotutelle-de-thèse INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUÉES DE LYON ÉCOLE DOCTORALE ED 512 – INFORMATIQUE ET MATHÉMATIQUES DE LYON SPÉCIALITÉ INFORMATIQUE DIRECTOR: PROF. LUCA Q. ZAMBONI UNIVERSITÁ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE CORSO DI DOTTORATO IN INFORMATICA (XXVIII CYCLE) – INF/01 COORDINATOR: PROF. PAOLO BOLDI Defended on 24 March 2017, by : Guido LENA COTA Addressing Selfishness in the Design of Cooperative Systems Supervisors: Prof. Lionel BRUNIE INSA de Lyon Prof. Ernesto DAMIANI Università degli Studi di Milano Cosupervisors: Dr. Sonia BEN MOKHTAR INSA de Lyon Dr. Gabriele GIANINI Università degli Studi di Milano EXAMINATION COMMITTEE: Reviewers: Prof. Harald KOSCH Universität Passau, Germany Prof. Vivien QUEMA Grenoble INP / ENSIMAG, France Reviewer (Università degli Studi di Milano) , Examiner: Dr. Julia LAWALL Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, LIP6, France Examiners: Prof. Sara BOUCHENAK INSA de Lyon, France Prof. Paola BONIZZONI Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Italy Prof. Mariagrazia FUGINI Politecnico di Milano, Italy Cette thèse est accessible à l'adresse : http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2017LYSEI023/these.pdf © [G. Lena Cota], [2017], INSA Lyon, tous droits réservés Département FEDORA – INSA Lyon - Ecoles Doctorales – Quinquennal 2016-2020 SIGLE ECOLE DOCTORALE NOM ET COORDONNEES DU RESPONSABLE CHIMIE DE LYON M. Stéphane DANIELE CHIMIE http://www.edchimie-lyon.fr Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon IRCELYON-UMR 5256 Sec : Renée EL MELHEM Équipe CDFA Bat Blaise Pascal 3e etage 2 avenue Albert Einstein [email protected] 69626 Villeurbanne cedex Insa : R. GOURDON [email protected] ELECTRONIQUE, M. Gérard SCORLETTI E.E.A. ELECTROTECHNIQUE, AUTOMATIQUE Ecole Centrale de Lyon http://edeea.ec-lyon.fr 36 avenue Guy de Collongue 69134 ECULLY Sec : M.C. HAVGOUDOUKIAN Tél : 04.72.18 60.97 Fax : 04 78 43 37 17 [email protected] [email protected] EVOLUTION, ECOSYSTEME, M. Fabrice CORDEY E2M2 MICROBIOLOGIE, MODELISATION CNRS UMR 5276 Lab. de géologie de Lyon http://e2m2.universite-lyon.fr Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Bât Géode Sec : Sylvie ROBERJOT 2 rue Raphaël Dubois Bât Atrium - UCB Lyon 1 69622 VILLEURBANNE Cédex 04.72.44.83.62 Tél : 06.07.53.89.13 Insa : H. CHARLES cordey@ univ-lyon1.fr [email protected] INTERDISCIPLINAIRE SCIENCES- Mme Emmanuelle CANET-SOULAS EDISS SANTE INSERM U1060, CarMeN lab, Univ. Lyon 1 http://www.ediss- Bâtiment IMBL lyon.fr 11 avenue Jean Capelle INSA de Lyon Sec : Sylvie ROBERJOT 696621 Villeurbanne Bât Atrium - UCB Lyon 1 Tél : 04.72.68.49.09 Fax :04 72 68 49 16 04.72.44.83.62 [email protected] Insa : M. LAGARDE [email protected] INFORMATIQUE ET M. Luca ZAMBONI INFOMATHS MATHEMATIQUES http://infomaths.univ-lyon1.fr Bâtiment Braconnier Sec :Renée EL MELHEM 43 Boulevard du 11 e Bat Blaise Pascal, 3 novembre 1918 étage 69622 VILLEURBANNE Cedex Tél : 04.72. 43. 80. 46 Tél :04 26 23 45 52 Fax : 04.72.43.16.87 [email protected] [email protected] MATERIAUX DE LYON M. Jean-Yves BUFFIERE http://ed34.universite-lyon.fr Matériaux INSA de Lyon MATEIS Sec : Marion COMBE Bâtiment Saint Exupéry Tél:04-72-43-71-70 –Fax : 87.12 7 avenue Jean Capelle Bat. Direction 69621 VILLEURBANNE Cedex [email protected] Tél : 04.72.43 71.70 Fax 04 72 43 85 28 [email protected] MECANIQUE, ENERGETIQUE, GENIE M. Philippe BOISSE MEGA CIVIL, ACOUSTIQUE INSA de Lyon http://mega.universite-lyon.fr Laboratoire LAMCOS Bâtiment Jacquard Sec : Marion COMBE 25 bis avenue Jean Capelle Tél:04-72-43-71-70 –Fax : 87.12 69621 VILLEURBANNE Cedex Bat. Direction Tél : 04.72 .43.71.70 Fax : 04 72 43 72 37 [email protected] [email protected] ScSo* M. Christian MONTES ScSo http://recherche.univ-lyon2.fr/scso/ Université Lyon 2 Sec : Viviane POLSINELLI 86 rue Pasteur Brigitte DUBOIS 69365 LYON Cedex 07 Insa : J.Y. TOUSSAINT [email protected] Tél : 04 78 69 72 76 [email protected] *ScSo : Histoire, Géographie, Aménagement, Urbanisme, Archéologie, Science politique, Sociologie, Anthropologie Cette thèse est accessible à l'adresse : http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2017LYSEI023/these.pdf © [G. Lena Cota], [2017], INSA Lyon, tous droits réservés ABSTRACT Cooperative distributed systems, particularly peer-to-peer systems, are the basis of several mainstream Internet applications (e.g., file-sharing, media streaming) and the key enablers of new and emerging technologies, including Blockchain and the Internet of Things. Essential to the success of cooperative systems is that nodes are willing to cooperate with each other by sharing part of their resources, e.g., network bandwidth, CPU capability, storage space. How- ever, as nodes are autonomous entities, they may be tempted to behave in a selfish manner by not contributing their fair share, potentially causing system performance degradation and insta- bility. Addressing selfish nodes is, therefore, key to building efficient and reliable cooperative systems. Yet, it is a challenging task, as current techniques for analysing selfishness and design- ing effective countermeasures remain manual and time-consuming, requiring multi-domain expertise. In this thesis, we aim to provide practical and conceptual tools to help system designers in dealing with selfish nodes. First, based on a comprehensive survey of existing work on selfishness, we develop a classification framework to identify and understand the most impor- tant selfish behaviours to focus on when designing a cooperative system. Second, we propose RACOON, a unifying framework for the selfishness-aware design and configuration of cooper- ative systems. RACOON provides a semi-automatic methodology to integrate a given system with practical and finely tuned mechanisms to meet specified resilience and performance objec- tives, using game theory and simulations to predict the behaviour of the system when subjected to selfish nodes. An extension of the framework (RACOON++) is also proposed to improve the accuracy, flexibility, and usability of RACOON. Finally, we propose SEINE, a framework for fast modelling and evaluation of various types of selfish behaviour in a given cooperative system. SEINE relies on a domain-specific language for describing the selfishness scenario to evaluate and provides semi-automatic support for its implementation and study in a state-of-the-art simulator. iii Cette thèse est accessible à l'adresse : http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2017LYSEI023/these.pdf © [G. Lena Cota], [2017], INSA Lyon, tous droits réservés Cette thèse est accessible à l'adresse : http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2017LYSEI023/these.pdf © [G. Lena Cota], [2017], INSA Lyon, tous droits réservés CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Selfishness in cooperative systems . 2 1.1.1 Example: selfishness in P2P file-sharing . 2 1.1.2 Example: selfishness in P2P live streaming . 3 1.1.3 Example: selfishness in volunteer computing . 3 1.2 Dealing with selfishness in cooperative systems . 4 1.3 Research challenges . 6 1.4 Thesis contributions & outline . 7 ISELFISHNESSINCOOPERATIVEDISTRIBUTEDSYSTEMS 11 2 ASURVEYONSELFISHNESSINCOOPERATIVESYSTEMS 13 2.1 An overview of cooperative systems . 13 2.2 Selfish behaviour in cooperative systems . 14 2.3 A classification framework for selfish behaviours . 19 2.3.1 Motivation . 20 2.3.2 Execution . 21 2.3.3 Details of the papers included in the review . 24 2.4 Examples of selfish behaviour classification . 25 2.4.1 BAR Gossip, Li et al. [111]............................ 25 2.4.2 BOINC client, Anta et al. [20], Anderson [18], Yurkewych et al. [180]... 28 2.4.3 Delay tolerant network, Zhu et al. [188].................... 29 2.4.4 Tor network, Dingledine et al. [135]...................... 30 2.5 General analysis of selfishness in cooperative systems . 32 2.5.1 Analysis of the motivations . 32 2.5.2 Analysis of the executions . 33 2.6 Summary . 36 3 ANALYSINGSELFISHNESSINCOOPERATIVESYSTEMS 37 3.1 Approaches to selfishness analysis . 37 3.1.1 Analytical approaches . 37 3.1.2 Experimental approaches . 38 3.2 Related research: Game Theory . 41 3.2.1 Basic concepts . 41 3.2.2 Game types and applications to cooperative systems . 42 3.2.3 Discussion and open issues . 45 3.3 Evaluation of the approaches to selfishness analysis . 46 3.3.1 Evaluation methodology . 46 3.3.2 Evaluation results . 48 3.4 Summary . 49 v Cette thèse est accessible à l'adresse : http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2017LYSEI023/these.pdf © [G. Lena Cota], [2017], INSA Lyon, tous droits réservés vi CONTENTS 4 DEALINGWITHSELFISHNESSINCOOPERATIVESYSTEMS 51 4.1 Incentive mechanisms . 51 4.1.1 Classification of incentive mechanisms . 52 4.1.2 Classification of incentive mechanisms from relevant studies . 58 4.1.3 Desirable requirements for incentive schemes in cooperative systems . 59 4.1.4 Perspectives on the research challenges . 61 4.2 Accountability in distributed systems . 62 4.2.1 Basic concepts .