University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Cumming School of Medicine Cumming School of Medicine Research & Publications 2010 German-speaking Émigré neuroscientists in north america after 1933: critical reflections on emigration-Induced scientific change Stahnisch, Frank W. Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Frank W. Stahnisch: "German-Speaking Émigré Neuroscientists in North America after 1933: Critical Reflections on Emigration-Induced Scientific Change". Preprint No. 403, Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin, Germany, 2010, 46 pp. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/48034 journal article Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 2010 PREPRINT 403 Frank W. Stahnisch German-Speaking Émigré Neuroscientists in North America after 1933: Critical Reflections on Emigration-Induced Scientific Change Dieser Text ist in einer überarbeiteten Form zur Publikation angenommen in: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften, Band 21 (2010) [Themenheft 2010/3: Vertreibung von Wissenschaft, Hrsg.: Christian Fleck]. Der vorliegende Preprint erscheint mit freundlicher Erlaubnis der Journal-Herausgeberschaft und des StudienVerlags Innsbruck. Frank W. Stahnisch e-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] Frank W. Stahnisch Abstract: This paper endeavors to document and analyze the impact of forced-migration of German-speaking neuroscientists to Canada and the United States during the Na- tional-Socialist era, while specifically focusing on concepts and scientific applications of ―interdisciplinarity‖ in 20th century neuroscientific research. The objectives of this paper are firstly, to describe the general research topic; secondly, to introduce a new model for the historiography and social studies of forced-migration in the neurosciences and thirdly, to explore, in a preliminary way, the impact that particular Central- European émigré-researchers had on this emerging postwar biomedical field in North America. Key words: Forced-Migration, Neuroscientists, Canada, USA, Scientific Change - 3 - German-Speaking Émigré Neuroscientists in North America after 1933 Zusammenfassung: Der vorliegende Text versucht, eine dokumentierende Beschreibung und Analyse des Einflusses der Zwangsvertreibung deutschsprachiger Neurowissenschaftler und Neurowissenschaftlerinnen nach Kanada und in die USA während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus zu geben. Ein Fokus wird dabei auf die Untersuchung der wissenschaftlichen Konzeptionen und Anwendungen von ‛Interdisziplinarität― in der neurowissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung des 20. Jahrhunderts gelegt. Den Gegenstand des Artikels bilden erstens die Beschreibung des allgemeinen Forschungsgebiets, zweitens die Einführung und Anwendung eines neuen historiografischen und an den Science Studies orientierten Modells für die Analyse der Zwangsmigration in den Neurowissenschaften, und drittens wird in einem tentativen Ansatz versucht, den Einfluss besonders der zwangsemigrierten zentraleuropäischen Hirnforscher und Hirnforscherinnen auf dieses gerade erst entstehende Gebiet in der biomedizinischen Forschungslandschaft in Nordamerika in der Nachkriegszeit etwas näher zu bestimmen. Key words: Zwangsmigration, Neurowissenschaftler und Neurowissenschaftlerinnen, Kanada, USA, Wandel in den Wissenschaften - 4 - Frank W. Stahnisch German-Speaking Émigré Neuroscientists in North America after 1933: Critical Reflections on Emigration-Induced Scientific Change 1. Introduction The general question of health care in the National Socialist Era,1 and specifically that of the expulsion and fortunate (re-) integration of a significant number of German- speaking neuroscientists2 into the scientific spheres of Canada and the United States are of particular relevance to international discussions of brain drain in modern biomedical science.3 Following this perception, the group of neuroscientists has been chosen in this article, seeing that they were at the forefront of interdisciplinary advances in an emerg- ing scientific and clinical field that encompassed neurology, psychiatry, neurosurgery, neuropathology and also psychoanalysis. However, of equal importance is the historio- graphical consideration of the neurosciences and their defining role in the development of NS medicine, since the mentally ill and the neurologically handicapped had been among the prime targets of racial hygienists and eugenic activists.4 Furthermore, vari- I wish to thank Allan Young (SSOM, McGill University), Theodore I. Sourkes (AMI, McGill University) and Cornelius Borck (Inst. for the History of Medicine and Science Studies, Uni- versity of Luebeck) for continuous discussions of the historical theme and their help in finding materials related to this paper. Furthermore, I am grateful to three anonymous referees from OeZG, who provided intriguing and supportive comments, and to Beth Cusitar for her editorial hand with the English language. Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the Gerda Henkel Foundation are to be thanked for their financial support, making the research and production of this article possible. 1 Cf. Michael H. Kater, Doctors under Hitler, Chapel Hill, London 1989, 177–221; Francis R. Nicosia and Jonathan Huener, eds., Medicine and Medical Ethics in Nazi Germany. Origins, Practices, Legacies, New York, Oxford 2002; Paul Weindling, Health, Race and German Poli- tics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870 to 1945, Cambridge 1993. 2 I use the term ‗neuroscientist‘ avant la lettre, i.e. before the notion was coined in 1962 by American biophysicist Francis O. Schmitt (1903–1995). It is taken to represent a broad inter- disciplinary field of basic and clinical investigations regarding the Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Cf. Lothar Pickenhain, Die Neurowissenschaft – ein interdisziplinaeres und integratives Wissensgebiet, in: Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Geschichte der Nervenheilkunde 8 (2002), 241–246. 3 Anonymous editorial, In praise of the ‗brain drain‘, in: Nature 446 (2007), 231. 4 On the persecution of psychiatric and neurological patients in the Nazi ‗euthanasia program‘ see: Goetz Aly, ed., Aktion T4 1939–1945. Die ‛Euthanasie–Zentrale― in der Tiergartenstrasse 4, Berlin, 1987, 19892; Michael I. Shevell, Neurosciences in the Third Reich: from Ivory - 5 - German-Speaking Émigré Neuroscientists in North America after 1933 ous clinical areas of psychiatry and neurology were rejected because they were seen as representing instances of a Jewish Science.5 On the one hand, a large number of doctors had what the Nazis considered ―Jewish family backgrounds‖. On the other hand, many Nazi physicians, with their materialistic views, were suspicious of the floating bounda- ries between neurology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis which were typical in the field of Nervenheilkunde in German-speaking countries.6 The attacks of Nazi party officials and doctors on many of the progressive neuroscientists eventually led to the expulsion from Central Europe of up to a third of the field‘s leading physicians and researchers in this field.7 In fact, it is precisely because of these scientific conflicts that the case of forced-migration8 begs the in-depth study of the involvement of science in society, the interaction of professional networks and the establishment of international relations which evolved during the first half of the 20th century. The grossly artificial situation of the exodus of laboratory scientists and medical doctors from German-speaking coun- tries allows for developing an approach that goes far beyond the provision of access to a plentitude of individual biographies and clinical accounts.9 The institutional histories in Tower to Death Camps, The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 26 (1999), 132–138; Georg Lilienthal, Patientinnen und Patienten aus brandenburgischen Heil– und Pflegeanstalten als Opfer der NS–,Euthanasie‘–Verbrechen in Hadamar, in: Kristina Huebener, ed., Brandenburgische Heil– und Pflegeanstalten in der NS–Zeit, Berlin 2002, 303–318. 5 On the Nazis‘ interpretation of ―Jewish Science―: Kater, Doctors under Hitler, 111–125; Michael Hubenstorf, Vertreibung und Verfolgung. Zur Geschichte der oesterreichischen Medizin im 20. Jahrhundert, in: Das Juedische Echo 50 (2001), 277–288. 6 On the heterogenous field of Nervenheilkunde in the late 19th and early 20th century see: Heinrich H. Eulner, Psychiatrie und Neurologie, in: Heinrich H. Eulner, ed., Die Entwicklung der medizinischen Spezialfaecher an den Universitaeten des deutschen Sprachgebietes, Stuttgart 1970, 257–282; Heinz–Peter Schmiedebach, Robert Remak (1815–1865): Ein juedischer Arzt im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaft und Politik, Stuttgart 1995. 7 Uwe Henrik Peters, Emigration deutscher Psychiater nach England. (Teil 1:) England als Exilland fuer Psychiater, in: Fortschritte der Neurologie, Psychiatrie und ihrer Grenzgebiete 64 (1996), 161–167; David Pyke, Contributions by German émigrés to British medical science, in: Quarterly Journal of Medicine 93 (2000), 2755–2760. 8 The somewhat euphemistic notions of émigré-scientists, Central-European émigrés or the wave of forced-migrants transport neutral meanings, which may not be at all adequate for the description of the processes of persecution and struggle for survival in many of those individu- als expelled from the