06-162 (00) FM.qxd 6/5/06 12:38 PM Page i Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence Series Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. British Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2005. 2. United States Intelligence, by Michael A. Turner, 2006. 3. Israeli Intelligence, by Ephraim Kahana, 2006. 4. International Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2006. 06-162 (00) FM.qxd 6/5/06 12:38 PM Page ii 06-162 (00) FM.qxd 6/5/06 12:38 PM Page iii Historical Dictionary of International Intelligence Nigel West Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, No. 4 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Oxford 2006 06-162 (00) FM.qxd 6/5/06 12:38 PM Page iv SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright © 2006 by Nigel West All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data West, Nigel. Historical dictionary of international intelligence / Nigel West. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of intelligence and counterintelligence ; no. 4) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5578-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8108-5578-X (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Intelligence service—History—Dictionaries. 2. Espionage—History— Dictionaries. 3. Spies—Biography—Dictionaries. 4. Intelligence officers— Biography—Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Series. UB250.W48 2006 327.1203—dc22 2005036220 ∞™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. 06-162 (00) FM.qxd 6/5/06 12:38 PM Page v Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff vii Acronyms and Abbreviations ix Chronology xv Introduction xix THE DICTIONARY 1 Bibliography 277 Index 307 About the Author 329 v 06-162 (00) FM.qxd 6/5/06 12:38 PM Page vi 06-162 (00) FM.qxd 6/5/06 12:38 PM Page vii Editor’s Foreword Although war and civil unrest have been around for as long as recorded history, it is only in the past century or so, and especially within the past few decades, that intelligence and counterintelligence have come into their own. Almost every country has an intelligence agency and opera- tives, and their activities have become increasingly varied and sophisti- cated. With the passing of the Cold War, it was hoped that worldwide intelligence operations might be scaled back. Alas, with the emergence of failed countries engulfed in continuous turmoil, rogue countries ac- quiring even more dangerous weapons, and terrorists committing in- creasingly bloody atrocities, the need has not disappeared. While high- tech gadgetry is often employed today, old-fashioned human intelligence is more often than not the key to success. This Historical Dictionary of International Intelligence is the foun- dation volume of Scarecrow Press’s new series of Historical Dictio- naries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence. In the chronology, it traces the accelerating spiral of intelligence and counterintelligence activities from their relatively modest beginnings to the consolidation of agencies with dozens, hundreds, and even thousands of employees. The introduction explains both how the field has evolved and what special constraints it faces as an indispensable but often unavowable form of government activity. The dictionary contains hundreds of en- tries on espionage techniques, categories of agents, crucial operations and those who ran them, and a broad circle of countries that have dab- bled both effectively and ineffectively in this very tricky arena. The most intriguing entries, however, are those on specific spies, defec- tors, moles, double and even triple agents, and the tradecraft they ap- ply. The bibliography then points readers in the right directions for further, in-depth information. vii 06-162 (00) FM.qxd 6/5/06 12:38 PM Page viii viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD This volume, like the first in the series on British Intelligence, was written by Nigel West. No one has studied intelligence and counterin- telligence more exhaustively and written on it more extensively. He is known for the quality of his contacts in the field as well as his under- standing of what makes the key players tick. While somewhat special- ized in British, American, and Soviet intelligence, he has a broad knowledge of the field, including even some rather small and obscure agencies. Recognized as the “experts’ expert” by a panel of spy writers and awarded the U.S. Association of Former Intelligence Officers’ first Lifetime Literature Achievement award, Nigel West would seem to be the ideal author of this foundation volume. Jon Woronoff Series Editor 06-162 (00) FM.qxd 6/5/06 12:38 PM Page ix Acronyms and Abbreviations AFOSI Air Force Office of Special Investigations (United States) AFSA Armed Forces Security Agency (United States) ANC African National Congress ASIO Australian Security Intelligence Organisation AVH Allami Vedelmi Hatosag [Hungarian State Security] BCRA Bureau Central de Renseignements et d’Action [Free French Intelligence Service] BfV Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz [Federal German Security Service] BIS Bezpecnostni Informacni Sluzba/Security Information Service (Czech Republic) BND Bundesnachrichtendienst [Federal German Intelligence Service] BOSS Bureau of State Security (South Africa) BRUSA Ango-American Signals Intelligence Treaty BSC British Security Coordination BVD Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (Netherlands) CBFE Combined Bureau Far East (Great Britain) CESID Centro Superior de Información de la Defensa (Spain) CIA Central Intelligence Agency (United States) CICI Combined Intelligence Centre Iraq (Great Britain) CNI Centro Nationale Información (Chile) COMINT Communications Intelligence CPGB Communist Party of Great Britain CPUSA Communist Party of the United States of America CSE Communications Security Establishment (Canada) CSO Composite Signals Organisation (Great Britain) DCI Director of Central Intelligence (United States) DDO Deputy Director for Operations (United States) ix 06-162 (00) FM.qxd 6/5/06 12:38 PM Page x x•ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS DDP Deputy Directorate for Plans (United States) DGI Dirección General de Inteligencia (Cuba) DGSE Direction Générale de Sécurité Extérieure [French Intelligence Service] DHS Department of Homeland Security (United States) DIA Defense Intelligence Agency (United States) DIB Delhi Intelligence Bureau (Great Britain) DIE Departmentude Informatii Externe [Romanian Intelligence Agency] DINA Dirección National de Inteligencia (Chile) DIS Defence Intelligence Staff (Great Britain) DMI Director of Military Intelligence DNI Director of National Intelligence (United States) DNI Director of Naval Intelligence DO Directorate of Operations (United States) DOE Department of Energy (United States) DS Drzaven Sigurnost [Bulgarian Intelligence Agency] DSIP Dirección de Seguridad e Inteligencia Political (Venezuela) DST Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire [French Security Service] EOKA Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston/National Organization of Cypriot Combatants ETA Euskadi ta Askatascena [Basque Nationalist Organization] FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation (United States) FBIS Federální Bezpeènostní Informaèní Sluzba/Federal Security Information Service (Czech Republic) FBIS Foreign Broadcast Information Service (United States) FCD First Chief Directorate [of the KGB] FLQ Front de Libération du Québec FRA Forsvarets Radioanstalt (Sweden) FSB Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti [Russian Security Service] GC&CS Government Code and Cypher School (Great Britain) GCHQ Government Communications Headquarters (Great Britain) GCR Groupement de Contrôles Radio-éléctrique (France) GIS General Intelligence Service (Palestine) GRU Glavnoe Razvedyvatel’noe Upravlenye (General Political Administration) [Soviet Military Intelligence Service] 06-162 (00) FM.qxd 6/5/06 12:38 PM Page xi ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS •xi HUMINT Human Intelligence HVA Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung [East German Intelligence Service] IAEA International Atomic Energy Authority IDB Inlichtingendienst Buitenland (Netherlands) INLA Irish National Liberation Army IPI Indian Political Intelligence IRA Irish Republican Army ISI Inter-Services Intelligence (Pakistan) ISLD Inter-Services Liaison Department (Great Britain) JIC Joint Intelligence Committee JSO Jamahirya Security Organization (Libya) KCIA Korean Central Intelligence Agency KGB Komitei Gosudarstevnnoi Bezopasnosti [Soviet Intelligence Service] KNIS Korean National Intelligence Service KPD Kommunistische Partei Deutschland/Communist Party of Germany MASINT Measurement and Signature Intelligence MfS Ministerium für Staatssicherheit/Ministry of State Security (East Germany) MI5 Security Service (Great Britain) MI6 Secret Intelligence Service (Great Britain) MIT Milli Istihbarat Teskilati/National Intelligence Organization (Turkey) MSS Ministry of State Security (China) NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGA National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (United States) NID Naval Intelligence