Post-Disaster Needs Assessment Tropical Cyclone Pam, March 2015 Government of Vanuatu Government of Vanuatu Vanuatu Prime Minister’s Office PMB 9053, Port Vila, Vanuatu Currency and equivalents: Currency unit = vatu (VT) VT 108.04 = US$11 Fiscal year: January 1–December 31 1 Exchange rate on March 16, 2015 (Reserve Bank of Vanuatu). Published by: Government of Vanuatu Lead Author: Simone Esler Copy-edit: Anne Himmelfarb Design: MikiFernández / ULTRAdesigns Inc., Washington, D.C. Cover photo: Matasu village, Shepard islands. Photo by Michael Bonte-Grapentin, World Bank Group Supported and facilitated by with financial support by and technical input by Vanuatu Tropical Cyclone Pam Efate Port Vila Tropical Cyclone Pam, March 2015. (Source: © NASA/Jeff Schmaltz. Reproduced with permission; further permission required for reuse.) Table of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................................... ix Summary of Damage and Loss ....................................................................................................................................... ix Summary of Macroeconomic Impact Assessment ......................................................................................................... xi Human and Social Impacts ............................................................................................................................................ xii Summary of Recovery and Reconstruction Needs ........................................................................................................ xiii Way Forward ................................................................................................................................................................... xiv 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Disaster Risk Profile of Vanuatu ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Socioeconomic Context of Vanuatu ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Tropical Cyclone Pam .............................................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Response from the Government and Development Partners ................................................................................ 4 1.5 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment Methodology ..................................................................................................... 5 1.5.1 Assessment of Disaster Effects ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.5.2 Assessment of Disaster Impact ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.5.3 Recovery Strategy and Needs ....................................................................................................................... 5 1.5.4 Specific Context of This PDNA ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.5.5 Limitations of This Rapid Assessment .......................................................................................................... 6 2. Macroeconomic Impact ....................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Pre-Disaster Economic Outlook .............................................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Post-Disaster Economic Outlook ............................................................................................................................ 9 2.3 Inflation and Monetary Developments ................................................................................................................... 10 3. Damage, Loss, and Needs by Sector ................................................................................................................. 15 3.1 Productive Sectors .................................................................................................................................................. 16 3.1.1 Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, and Fisheries ............................................................................................. 16 3.1.2 Commerce and Industry ................................................................................................................................ 22 3.1.3 Tourism ......................................................................................................................................................... 28 3.2 Social Sectors .......................................................................................................................................................... 34 3.2.1 Private Housing ............................................................................................................................................ 34 3.2.2 Health ........................................................................................................................................................... 41 3.2.3 Education...................................................................................................................................................... 45 3.2.4 Culture .......................................................................................................................................................... 51 3.3 Infrastructure Sectors ............................................................................................................................................. 55 3.3.1 Transport ...................................................................................................................................................... 55 3.3.2 Public Buildings ............................................................................................................................................ 62 3.3.3 Water, Sanitation and Solid Waste ............................................................................................................... 66 3.3.4 Energy........................................................................................................................................................... 73 3.3.5 Communication ............................................................................................................................................ 76 3.4 Cross-Cutting Sectors ............................................................................................................................................. 80 3.4.1 Environment ................................................................................................................................................. 80 iv Tropical Cyclone Pam, March 2015 4. Social and Household Impact ............................................................................................................................ 87 4.1 Employment, Livelihoods, and Social Protection .................................................................................................. 88 4.2 Household and Community Livelihoods ................................................................................................................ 94 4.3 Gender ..................................................................................................................................................................... 102 5. Disaster Risk Management ................................................................................................................................. 109 6. Summary of Recovery and Reconstruction Needs ......................................................................................... 113 7. Way Forward .......................................................................................................................................................... 117 7.1 Low-cost debt facility.............................................................................................................................................. 118 7.2 Agriculture Recovery .............................................................................................................................................. 119 7.3 Commerce Recovery ............................................................................................................................................... 119 7.4 Social Recovery Considerations ............................................................................................................................. 119 7.5 Longer-term housing reconstruction ...................................................................................................................... 120 7.6 Proposed Public