Integration without Assimilation: Black Social Life in a Diverse Suburb A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology of the College of Arts and Sciences by Alan V. Grigsby July 19, 2018 MA, Ohio University August 2012 Committee Chair: Jeffrey M. Timberlake, PhD ABSTRACT The face of cities and suburbs has changed. The majority of Americans now live in suburbs and today’s suburbs are becoming more racially diverse than ever before. However, most research on this topic is limited to quantitative research designs that cannot fully ascertain the quality of race relations in this changing landscape. My research uses an ethnographic approach to investigate social life in one racially diverse suburb of Cleveland, OH: Shaker Heights. Specifically, I investigate how African Americans who occupy this space—as residents, employees, and visitors—think about, describe, and participate in social life in a diverse suburb. After two years of ethnographic fieldwork, I conclude that, although Shaker Heights is statistically integrated, the residential spaces and social lives of black adults do not reflect this demographic reality. Moreover, black adults interpret the rare, discrete instances where racial diversity is promoted as inauthentic. Finally, my research explores connections and commonalities among the black adults living in the segregated sections of Shaker Heights. This information will help scholars better understand dynamics of race relations in a neighborhood context that is both seldom explored and growing in demographic importance. ii Copyright 2018, by Alan V. Grigsby All rights reserved. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND DEDICATION I thank the employees, residents, and visitors of Shaker Heights whose participation and support made this study possible. Although the naming convention I use may obfuscate your identity, I hope that you can still hear your voice when you read these pages. I hope that my reporting captures your reality. I owe special thanks to community members in the Moreland neighborhood for their kindness and time. From the first event I attended to the last one, I always felt welcome and included as a neighbor. I thank the helpful staff at Shaker Heights library for allowing me to peruse the local history archives and for providing facilities and private space for conducting interviews. Thanks to the many members of the Shaker Heights business community who met me for coffee or welcomed me into their homes. I also thank the staff and patrons at the black-owned and black-run businesses in Shaker for their willingness to speak with me about their experiences. I am eternally grateful for the members of my dissertation committee for their unwavering support. To my dissertation chair, Jeffrey Timberlake, thank you. You once told me that you do not need thanks for doing your job. However, I must thank you now for taking your role as my mentor seriously (and being great at it), for always highlighting my strengths, for the hours we spend talking shop, and for successfully guiding me through the research process. To Erynn Casanova, thank you. Thank you for inspiring me to ethnography. You have been more than generous with your time and over the years have helped me become a much better writer. If this dissertation reads well, it is in large part due to your influence. To Sarah Mayorga-Gallo, thank you. You encouraged me to study suburban diversity and have always pushed me to be the best version of myself. Your decision to stand with me through the years has elevated me professionally and personally. iv In 2016, I was awarded a dissertation fellowship from the Taft Research Center at The University of Cincinnati (UC). Additionally, I received support in the form of two research grants from the UC Sociology Department’s Kunz Center for Social Research. This gave me time and financial resources to make substantial progress on this dissertation. Finally, I thank my village: all of my family and friends who supported me during graduate school. To my Cincinnati “framily,” thank you for being a main source of both motivation and social support. To my mother and sister, thank you for always being there to discuss my ideas and for taking me in on my weekend “getaways” to Columbus. The time we spent provided a much-needed break from my scholarly obsessions and the doldrums of graduate school. To my aunt and uncle, thank you for looking after my quirky, but affectionate dog, Nina—and for the countless home-cooked meals—during my two-year stay in Cleveland. With a major relocation on the horizon, I realize how much of a luxury it was to be near to family. I have received invaluable assistance, love, and support from my best friend and fiancée, Lynsay Gabrielle. Thank you for always providing balance and perspective in life. I dedicate this dissertation to my grandmother, Ramona Lynn Cyrus Grigsby. In 2012, when I was a graduating Master’s student, my grandma read my entire thesis. I cannot remember her being more proud. Today, she is living with a severe form of vascular dementia. She began declining the year I moved to Shaker Heights to conduct research and today lives in one of the community’s memory care facilities. Luckily, I was able to visit with my grandma frequently during the research process. Although she will be unable to read this doctoral thesis, she is my biggest fan. This is for her. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWEDGMENTS AND DEDICATION ............................................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES............................................................................................ vii CHAPTER 1: INSIDE SHAKER HEIGHTS ................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2: BLACK ACTIVITY SPACES IN SHAKER HEIGHTS .......................................26 CHAPTER 3: DIVERSITY IN PRACTICE..................................................................................53 CHAPTER 4: INSIDE BLACK SHAKER....................................................................................77 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................109 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................117 APPENDIX 1: RECRUITMENT STRATEGY AND DOCUMENTS .......................................126 APPENDIX 2: INTERVIEW GUIDE .........................................................................................129 APPENDIX 3: LIST OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS ..................................................................131 vi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.1: Percent Black residing in Selected Tracts Figure 1.1: Nine Neighborhoods of Shaker Heights Figure 1.2: Racial composition in Shaker Heights, 2016 ACS Estimates Figure 2.1: Map of Shaker Heights neighborhoods and two commercial districts. Figure 2.2: Percent African American by Census Tract in Shaker Heights, 2016 ACS Figure 2.3: The Streetcar Route that Divides “Lower” and “Upper” Shaker. Source: Google Maps Figure 2.4: An invitation to an event at the new Van Aken District. The logo names this plaza “Downtown Shaker Heights.” Figure 3.1: Chelton Park and The Dealership, Moreland Figure 4.1: Map of Black Shaker vii CHAPTER 1: INSIDE SHAKER HEIGHTS They wanted diversity here in Shaker years and years ago, but I think they stuck their foot in their mouth. They spoke too soon because they didn’t know that the economy was going to change and that black people were going to earn more money and be able to afford to live in Shaker. ―Clarence On a snowy Friday in November of 2016, I made plans to meet two friends at a bar in Shaker Heights, Ohio, called Touch of Italy. I met up with Patrick, late thirties, who had been living at his parents’ house in Shaker for the last month. His parents have lived in the same house since Patrick was a child. He has not lived in “Shaker” since he left for college, but he, his wife, and his young daughter are home while they wait to relocate to Washington, DC for work. We also met Will, who is Patrick’s best friend and former college roommate. Will lives in a suburb outside of Shaker, to the southeast of Cleveland. Will is the one that suggested—via a group text message—that we meet at Touch of Italy. I texted Will “there are no bars in Shaker” and he seemed surprised. Will told me that whenever he visits Shaker, Touch of Italy is usually the place he hangs out. Touch of Italy Bar and Grille sits on Chagrin Boulevard across the street from the Lee- Chagrin shopping plaza in the heart of Shaker Heights. There is a parking lot in the rear of the building. The parking lot was mostly full at 9:00 p.m.—four open spaces of about 40 total. Stores in the Shaker plaza shut down at nine o’clock each night so the parking lot across the street was mostly vacant. I arrived at Touch of Italy at nine and sat in my car for several minutes waiting for Patrick and Will to arrive. I noticed an older Asian man walking to his car and a black couple around my age walking into the bar. The Asian man’s car was parked next to me on my left and on my right was a black woman in her fifties. The Asian man drove a Ford Taurus and the black woman drove a Chrysler Sebring. With the exception of the one Asian man, all of the people that I saw in the parking lot were black. I was eager to get inside to see the layout of this place, to get a better idea of the patrons that are in there and how they were using the space.1 I called Patrick to tell him I arrived. He stepped outside to smoke a cigar. He dapped me up and I asked him “how is it?” He said, “it’s real ‘hood in there. It’s a different crowd.” Patrick has been going to this bar off and on since he was in college in the late 1990s to the early 2000s. Will pulled up as we were talking and we all went inside.