30 愛知工業大学研究報告 第 51 号 平成 28 年 Josefin Battorā fujin: An Illusory Translation Linking Kajiko Yajima with Josephine Butler 『ジョセフィン・バットラー夫人』： 矢島楫子とジョセフィン・バトラーをつなぐ翻訳書 Noriko Tada✝ 多田 典子 Abstract This essay clarifies the ambiguous status of Josefin Battorā fujin (Mrs. Josephine Butler) (1913), a Japanese translation of Josephine Butler: An Autobiographical Memoir (1909), and sheds light on a crucial part of the life of Kajiko Yajima, the president of the Japan Women’s Christian Temperance Union established in 1886, who led the campaign against the state-regulated prostitution system in modern Japan. The essay elucidates conditions surrounding the 1913 publication of Josefin Battorā fujin by identifying the likely translator and the intended readership. To do this, it examines articles in Kakusei of Kakusei-kai (Licensed District Reform Association) and Fujin Shimpō of the JWCTU; related individuals; a possible schedule for the publication; and the social background of 1911-14 Japan. Focusing on Maurice Gregory, a British abolitionist whom Butler’s organization sent to Japan in October 1911 as a designated advisor for Kakusei-kai, provided following aspects; the publication had been planned and completed by men sympathetic to women’s rights and dedicated to Yajima; the fact that Gregory saw similarities between Yajima and Butler could fortify Yajima’s leadership. This essay draws overdue attention to Josefin Battorā fujin as a primary source that may offer new perspectives from which to consider Yajima and the Christian abolitionist campaign in modern Japan. 1. Introduction intended readership. To do this, it will examine articles in Kakusei of Kakusei-kai (Licensed District Reform In 1913, the book Josefin Battorā fujin1) (Mrs. Association)3) and Fujin Shimpō of the JWCTU; related Josephine Butler, hereafter Battorā fujin), a Japanese individuals; a possible schedule for the publication; and translation of Josephine Butler: An Autobiographical the social background of 1911-14 Japan. In doing so, Memoir (1909)2) (hereafter Memoir), was published this essay intends to draw belated attention to Battorā under the name of Kajiko Yajima (1833-1925), the fujin as a primary source that provides new perspectives founder of the Japan Women’s Christian Temperance from which to consider Yajima and the Christian Union (JWCTU). The book has been overlooked by abolitionist campaign in modern Japan. researchers, and questions remain about whether Yajima actually did the translation, as well as about the 2. About the book Josefin Battorā fujin identity of the readership for whom the 1913 translation was published. This essay will elucidate conditions The book Battorā fujin is an abridged Japanese surrounding the publication of Josefin Battorā fujin by translation of Memoir whose publication was largely 4) identifying the likely translator and disambiguating the due to the efforts of Maurice Gregory (1859~?), a leading member of the International Federation for the †愛知工業大学 基礎教育センター 非常勤講師 Abolition of the State Regulation of Prostitution 31 愛知工業大学研究報告,第 51 号, 平成 28 年,Vol.51,Mar,2016 (hereafter the Federation). Memoir is composed of state-regulated prostitution system. He was passages from Personal Reminiscence of a Great concerned about the Japanese campaign even after his returning home, and decided to publish the Crusade (1896)5) (hereafter Great Crusade) and official translation of the biographical memoir of Mrs. letters by Josephine Butler (1828-1906), the British Butler. He asked his friend Rev. Gilbert Bowles10) leader of a campaign (1869-86) to repeal the (1869-1960) to carry out the project. […] I believe Contagious Diseases Acts of 1864, 1866 and 1869 (the Mrs. Butler’s contribution will enlighten people in Japan. I strongly recommend the book to people in CD Acts) at home and abroad. Yajima, one of the early my country.11) leaders of the Christian campaign against the state-regulated prostitution system in Japan, promoted … The book translated by the kindness of Mr. monogamy, the prohibition of sending Japanese Gregory is very applicable to the present condition prostitutes to work overseas, and temperance since the of Japan. I believe Mrs. Butler’s extraordinary work is impressive enough to awake our sleeping foundation of the JWCTU in 1886. compatriots. I appreciate the effort of Mr. Bowles to Although Battorā fujin links the names of the two publish the book and that of [Mr] Yamamoto to prominent female abolitionists, Butler and Yajima, it translate it.12) appears that only Vera Mackie (2003)6) and Sachiko Kaneko (1999)7) even mention the title. One possible Gregory made Bowles responsible for the publication reason for its obscure status is the ambiguous nature of of the Japanese translation of Memoir, which suggests its intended readership, for neither advertisements nor that the project was very likely supported financially by announcements were placed in Fujin Shimpō and the Society of Friends as both Gregory and Bowles Kakusei when the book was published in December were members. The organization entreated Butler in 1913. Further, its publication is not recorded in either 1869 to become the leader of the campaign to repeal the of two books tracing the history of the JWCTU: CD Acts, and then supported her arduous campaign by Gojūnenshi (Fifty years of the JWCTU) (1936), edited forming the Friends Association for Abolishing by Azuma Moriya (1884-1975) who was a close Regulation of Vice in 1873.13) This association associate of Yajima, and Hyakunenshi (1986), a published books written by Gregory and Butler. JWCTU centennial history.8) The absence of any mention of Battorā fujin in these publications strongly 3. Maurice Gregory and his activities with suggests that neither Kakusei-kai nor the JWCTU Kakusei-kai officially sponsored the publication; the book never circulated widely among JWCTU members. Even so, Maurice Gregory was a leading member of the both the preface written by the former prime minister Alliance of Honour14); he worked as the director of the Shigenobu Ōkuma,9) an advisor to Kakusei-kai from British Committee of the Federation, and was the 1911 to 1916, and the acknowledgements done by designated advisor for Kakusei-kai sent by the Yajima, a vice president of Kakusei-kai, are indications Federation to Japan. He probably brought Josephine that a wider circulation was initially anticipated. Butler: An Autobiographical Memoir with him and Another nebulous element is the identity of the introduced it to Kakusei-kai leaders.15) When there were translator of Memoir, as Yajima expresses appreciation reports in Britain, the United States, and Australia to “Yamamoto” for the translation in the back matter of about a great fire on 9 April 1911 in Yoshiwara, the the book, but provides no further identification to largest licensed prostitution quarter in Tōkyō, the confirm the translator’s identity. Federation asked Japanese abolitionist leaders whether The preface and acknowledgements do make or not it should send experienced staff to Japan to assist clear, however, that the publication of Battorā fujin in the campaign against the quarter’s reconstruction. came about through the efforts of British social Then on 26 July that year, a tsunami destroyed the reformer Maurice Gregory who visited Japan from 9 Susaki yūkaku, another licensed prostitution quarter in October 1911 to 8 March 1912 as the representative of Tōkyō. The consecutive disasters stimulated the the British Committee of the Federation: long-lasting albeit unsuccessful campaign against the state regulation of prostitution system in Japan.16) Fortunately, I had a meeting with Mr. Maurice Kakusei-kai, established on 8 July 1911 in response to Gregory, a prominent figure in Britain, when he the call for the reconstruction of Yoshiwara, decided to visited Japan to support the campaign against the 32 Josefin Battorā fujin: An Illusory Translation Linking Kajiko Yajima with Josephine Butler accept the offer from the Federation. Alliance of Honour. With the ardent acceptance of his During his five-month stay in Japan, Gregory lectures, Gregory seemingly convinced himself that the toured with leaders of Kakusei-kai giving lectures and fragmentary speeches should be organized into a speeches at various public meetings nationwide. Yajima guidebook. Having played a leading role in publishing often presided at the meetings. Gumpei Yamamuro Memoir in 1909, it is not surprising that Gregory felt (Councilor from the Salvation Army) and Sakusaburō “his” book would be useful to Japanese counterparts. Uchigasaki (Director) frequently provided Japanese interpretation of Gregory’s speeches.17) Gregory also 4. A possible schedule for publication visited high-ranking government officials to make appeals for support of the campaign.18) Gregory, A consideration of the possible schedule and patronized by Ōkuma, must have been an important skills required for the publication of Battorā fujin helps guest for Kakusei-kai, as well as the Japanese in identifying the “Yamamoto” acknowledged by government.19) Therefore, Kakusei-kai likely initiated Yajima as the Japanese translator. Firstly, the time the project to publish Battorā fujin as the receiving allotted for collating Memoir with Great Crusade, one organization. of Memoire’s sources, and then translating and editing During Gregory’s stay, another conflagration appears 7 months or less. Secondly, specific knowledge occurred on 6 January 1912 and destroyed about Josephine Butler and her work, as well as Namba-shinchi, a prostitution district