University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences Great Plains Studies, Center for Spring 2000 The Pre-settlement Platte: Wooded or Prairie River? W. Carter Johnson South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD Susan E. Boettcher South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsresearch Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Johnson, W. Carter and Boettcher, Susan E., "The Pre-settlement Platte: Wooded or Prairie River?" (2000). Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences. 485. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsresearch/485 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Great Plains Research 10 (Spring 2000): 39-68 © Copyright by the Center for Great Plains Studies THE PRESETTLEMENT PLATTE: WOODED OR PRAIRIE RIVER? W. Carter Johnson Department of Horticulture, Forestry, Landscape, and Parks South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57007 [email protected] and Susan E. Boettcher Department of Horticulture, Forestry, Landscape, and Parks South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57007 ABSTRACT-The pre-settlement Platte River is commonly de­ scribed as a mostly unwooded prairie river, comprised of water, sand, and wet grassland. However, primary historical accounts do not support this prairie river concept. Instead, the early accounts and quantitative information from the General Land Office survey indicate that, prior to settlement by European immigrants, the Platte was a wooded river tra­ versing a prairie landscape. Woodland was reported as dense on innu­ merable islands in the channel, but scattered along on the outer banks. This woodland was cleared during exploration and early settlement. Thus, the openness of the post-settlement river observed early in the 1900s was an artifact of deforestation rather than of the result of natural processes. Since the 1930s, however, reforestation and channel narrow­ ing have occurred in response to reduced streamflow and less demand for timber. The new woodland harbors high biodiversity, while occupy­ ing some areas formerly available to certain aquatic avifauna. This historical synthesis should help to reformulate restoration targets for the Platte River ecosystem. The Platte [R]iver is the most magnificent and most useless of streams. Abstraction made of its defects, nothing can be more pleasing than the perspective which it presents to the eye. Its islands have the appearance ofa labyrinth of groves floating on the waters. Their extraordinary position gives an air ofyouth and loveliness to the whole scene. (Washington Irving 1832 in Root and Connelley 1901: 245) 39 40 Great Plains Research Vol. 10 No. 1,2000 Introduction Reconstruction of past vegetation serves a number of scientific pur­ poses. For example, vegetation reconstructed from pollen and macrofossils in lake sediments has been used extensively as a proxy for past and future climates (Davis 1976; Wright et al. 1993; Jackson et al. 1997). Frequency and intensity of disturbances, such as fire and wind, have been inferred from vegetation composition and other measures, such as fire scars (Stearns 1949; Heinselman 1973). Yet, the most common purpose of vegetation reconstruction has been to develop baseline information against which to measure and evaluate historic ecological changes caused by human actions. For example, Curtis' (1956) maps of deforestation patterns in southern Wisconsin stimulated considerable modern research into the effects of for­ est fragmentation on biodiversity (Burgess and Sharpe 1981; Forman and Godron 1981; Whitney and Somerlot 1985; Andersen et al. 1996). The effects of streamflow regulation by dams have been quantified by compar­ ing modern floodplain vegetation to reconstructed pre-development vegeta­ tion (Turner 1974; Bragg and Tatschl 1977; Johnson et al. 1976; Johnson 1994). Also, vegetation has been reconstructed to serve as a benchmark or target for restoration (Jordan et al. 1987; Packard 1993). In this paper, we use historical records to reconstruct the composition and extent of riparian woodland associated with the Platte River prior to settlement by European immigrants, and to document changes in this veg­ etation associated with human settlement. Sources of historical information to reconstruct vegetation in the Great Plains are many and varied. Qualita­ tive sources of information include: personal accounts and maps from ex­ plorers, soldiers, pioneers, and immigrants (Day 1953; Sharpe and Johnson 1981; Mattes 1988; Foster 1993; Russell 1997) and old photographs (Turner 1974; Progulske and Shideler 1983; Everitt 1993). These sources vary in their reliability and relative value for vegetation reconstruction (Russell 1981, 1983, 1997). The quantitative information for vegetation reconstruction comes pri­ marily from the field notes and maps of the General Land Office survey; these records have been used extensively by ecologists (Stearns 1949; Grimm 1984; Johnson 1994; Andersen et al. 1996). The General Land Office sur­ veys were conducted either before or very early in the settlement of the American West. Thus, they represent the condition of the vegetation before extensive exploitation of timber, soil, or mineral resources. These records are not un-biased, particularly by inclusion of larger trees. However, the constraints of the data are well-known, and adjustments can be made for The Presettlement Platte 41 them (Grimm 1984). Government maps are another source of quantitative information, such as those drawn by the Missouri River Basin Commission in the 1880s (Johnson 1992, Scott et al. 1997). The evidence used here for the Platte River combines personal historic accounts with quantitative data from the General Land Office survey. The survey results have not been used specifically for the Platte River, except by Johnson (1994). Reconstruction of the Platte River's woodland vegetation should assist in the development of historically accurate restoration targets and management objectives for the modern river. Current Concept The current perception of the pre-settlement vegetation of the Platte River is based primarily on several published summaries. Williams (1978) reported on hydrological changes associated with water development and included old photographs of the Platte River. Most of these are oblique, ground-level photographs taken between the late 1800s and the early 1900s to show crossings near wooden bridges. Few or no trees appear in the channel or on the banks. Therefore, these photographs make striking side by side comparisons with modern, more wooded photographs of the same locations. Williams (1978) also used the General Land Office maps to establish pre-development channel conditions. Apparently, however, he did not consult the equally informative field notes from which the maps were drawn. Williams (1978) and Eschner et al. (1981), both of whom used paired photographs of bridge crossings to document woodland increases, inter­ preted early historical accounts as indicating that the Platte River was timbered, particularly on islands. For example, Williams (1978) wrote: Explorers' reports generally agree on the amount of vegetation along the North Platte and Platte River in the 1800's. The numer­ ous islands in the river for the most part were heavily wooded in those days, usually with cottonwood and willow trees. The river banks, on the other hand, only rarely had any trees. And, Eschner et al. (1981) summarized historical accounts by stating: The Platte channels contained nine large islands and hundreds of smaller islands; most supported timber. Timber grew along the banks of the Platte, along the banks of the tributary rivers, in the 42 Great Plains Research Vol. 10 No.1, 2000 ravines cut into bluffs along the margins of the river, and in hol­ lows on the valley floor. Different conclusions regarding woodland were reached by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (1981) and Currier et al. (1985). The US Fish and Wildlife Service (1981) concluded: In the mid-19th century, woodland was largely absent west of Grand Island, ... [and] Kellogg (1905) noted that over long stretches of the Platte timber growth was either "wholly absent" or consisted only of scattered cottonwood and willow. In Nebraska, the advancement offorests along major river systems such as the Platte was generally confined to a narrow strip along the river channel because the shifting streambed and high scouring action of uncontrolled flows inhibited forest invasion on the wide alluvial bottomlands (Kellogg 1905; Gleason 1922). Similarly, after reviewing Kellogg (1905) and McKinley (1938), Currier et al. (1985) wrote that: trees were scarce; over long stretches of the Platte, timber growth was either "wholly absent" or consisted of scattered trees along the shoreline. Using the journals of the Fremont and Stuart Expeditions (Jackson and Spence 1970; Rollins 1995), Currier et al. (1985) further concluded: The islands were described as "elevations of earth," as they appar­ ently were without vegetation. This description is consistent with the theory that high spring flows moved great quantities of sedi­ ment,