Modern Management…Uterine Bleeding rev2:Modern Management…Uterine Bleeding rev2 9/1/08 10:24 Page 1 Modern Management of O’Donovan O’Donovan ABNORMAL • UTERINE BLEEDING Miller Modern Management of Modern Management of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding is written by an internationally recognized team of experts – many of whom are at the forefront of developing 'second-generation' endometrial ablation techniques as well as ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING Modern Management of standard practice. The book covers the full range of surgical and medical treatments, including the background, diagnosis and treatment. ABNORMAL This must have book will help gynecologists refine their operative techniques and consider new approaches to this highly challenging condition. UTERINE BLEEDING Edited by Peter Joseph O`Donovan FRCOG FRCS (ENG) Consultant Gynaecologist and Gynaecological Cancer Lead Director MERIT Centre, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Bradford and Professor of Medical Innovation, Bradford University, Bradford,UK Charles E Miller MD FACOG Director of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, and Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, and Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Cover illustration: ‘The Uterine’ by Elizabeth Gray © UK 2008 Edited by ISBN 978-0-415-45479-7 Peter Joseph O’Donovan www.informahealthcare.com 9 78041 5 454797 Charles Miller MODERN MANAGEMENT OF ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING Edited by Peter Joseph O’Donovan FRCOG FRCS(ENG) Consultant Gynaecologist and Gynaecological Cancer Lead, Director, MERIT Centre, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Bradford, and Professor of Medical Innovation, Bradford University, Bradford, UK Charles E Miller MD FACOG Director of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, and Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, and Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA © 2008 Informa UK Ltd First published in the United Kingdom in 2008 by Informa Healthcare, Telephone House, 69-77 Paul Street, London EC2A 4LQ. Informa Healthcare is a trading division of Informa UK Ltd. Registered Office: 37/41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH. Registered in England and Wales number 1072954. Tel: +44 (0)20 7017 5000 Fax: +44 (0)20 7017 6699 Website: www.informahealthcare.com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Although every effort has been made to ensure that all owners of copyright material have been acknowledged in this publication, we would be glad to acknowledge in subsequent reprints or editions any omissions brought to our attention. Although every effort has been made to ensure that drug doses and other information are presented accurately in this publica- tion, the ultimate responsibility rests with the prescribing physician. Neither the publishers nor the authors can be held respon- sible for errors or for any consequences arising from the use of information contained herein. For detailed prescribing information or instructions on the use of any product or procedure discussed herein, please consult the prescribing information or instructional material issued by the manufacturer. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Data available on application ISBN-10: 0 415 45479 4 ISBN-13: 978 0 415 45479 7 Distributed in North and South America by Taylor & Francis 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW, (Suite 300) Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA Within Continental USA Tel: 1 (800) 272 7737; Fax: 1 (800) 374 3401 Outside Continental USA Tel: (561) 994 0555; Fax: (561) 361 6018 Email: [email protected] Distributed in the rest of the world by Cengage Learning Services Limited Cheriton House North Way Andover, Hampshire SP10 5BE, UK Tel: +44 (0)1264 332424 Email: [email protected] Composition by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India Printed and bound in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd I would like to dedicate this book to my parents, Patrick and Sheila and also my loving wife Carmel and children, James, Olivia, Charles and Niamh, who have always been a constant source of encouragement to me. Peter Joseph O’Donovan I would like to dedicate this book to the women in my life – my mother, Muriel, my daughter, Abagayle and my loving wife Laura. Charles E Miller Contents List of contributors ix Preface xiii Acknowledgments xiv SECTION I BACKGROUND 1. Menstruation: historical perspective 1 James Drife 2. Physiology of menstruation 11 Michael Zinger 3. Terminologies and definitions around abnormal uterine bleeding 17 Ian S Fraser, Hilary OD Critchley, and Malcolm G Munro 4. Epidemiology of abnormal uterine bleeding 25 Michael Zinger 5. Practical assessment and measurement of abnormal uterine bleeding 29 Ian S Fraser, Pamela Warner, and Hilary OD Critchley 6. Pathogenesis of abnormal uterine bleeding 34 Malcolm G Munro and Ian S Fraser 7. Menstrual problems in adolescence 41 D Keith Edmonds 8. Menstrual dysfunction secondary to medical diseases 48 Tharani Balasubramaniam and LA Parapia SECTION II DIAGNOSIS 9. The role of ultrasound in investigating abnormal uterine bleeding 58 Maha Alkatib and Thomas H Bourne 10. The role of hysteroscopy in investigating abnormal uterine bleeding 64 Aarathi Cholkeri-Singh and Keith B Isaacson SECTION III TREATMENT 11. Medical management of abnormal uterine bleeding 71 Margaret CP Rees v vi Contents 12. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system 79 Diana Mansour 13. Current surgical treatment options: an evidence-based approach 89 Erik Qvigstad and Olav Istre 14. The use of contemporary energy modalities during operative laparoscopy 94 Andrew I Brill 15. Hysteroscopic rollerball endometrial ablation 100 George A Vilos, Jackie Hollett-Caines, and Fawaz Edris 16. Hysteroscopic electrosurgical resection 110 Nikolaos P Papadopoulos and Adam Magos 17. Hysteroscopic laser ablation technique 122 David C Hunter 18. ThermaChoice balloon endometrial ablation 130 George A Vilos, Fawaz Edris, and Jackie Hollett-Caines 19. Cavaterm thermal balloon ablation 143 Britt Friberg 20. Thermablate EAS balloon endometrial ablation 148 George A Vilos, Jackie Hollett-Caines, and Fawaz Edris 21. Microwave endometrial ablation 157 Nicholas C Sharp 22. NovaSure endometrial ablation 166 Adolf Gallinat 23. Hydrothermablation 175 Mark H Glasser 24. Endometrial cryoablation 187 Andrea S Lukes 25. Vesta: distensible multielectrode balloon endometrial ablation 193 Kevin Jones 26. Randomized controlled trials in second-generation endometrial ablation 199 Paul McGurgan and Peter Joseph O’Donovan 27. Photodynamic therapy 210 Michael J Gannon 28. Hysteroscopic morcellation 215 Charles E Miller 29. Uterine artery embolization – the evidence 220 Anju Sinha and Janesh Gupta 30. Avoiding and managing laparoscopic complications in gynecologic surgery 226 Paul Tulikangas and Tommaso Falcone 31. Laparoscopic myomectomy 232 Charles E Miller 32. Hysteroscopic myomectomy: indications, technique, outcome, and complications 240 Aethele Khunda and Peter Joseph O’Donovan 33. Laparoscopic uterine artery occlusion 250 Moises Lichtinger Contents vii 34. Temporary occlusion of uterine artery for the treatment of fibroids 255 Olav Istre and Erik Qvigstad 35. Hysterectomy rate variations 260 Fulvio Zullo and Stefano Palomba 36. Total abdominal hysterectomy 267 Isaac T Manyonda and Essam Hadoura 37. Vaginal hysterectomy 280 Henri Clavé 38. Laparoscopic hysterectomy – historical perspective 291 Harry L Reich 39. Total laparoscopic hysterectomy 299 Charles E Miller 40. Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy 306 Thomas L Lyons and Wendy K Winer 41. Laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy and abnormal uterine bleeding 312 Melissa Cameron and Peter J Maher 42. Laparoscopic hysterectomy for the large uterus 324 Pascale Jadoul and Jacques Donnez 43. Robotics: an evolving option in the management of abnormal uterine bleeding 331 Arnold P Advincula 44. Complications and clinical outcomes of hysterectomy 337 Craig Skidmore and Caroline E Overton 45. Comparison of hysterectomy techniques and cost–benefit analysis 346 Kirsten B Kluivers, Ben WJ Mol, Khalid S Khan, and Neil P Johnson 46. Analysis of sexual activity after hysterectomy 354 Sahana Gupta and Isaac Manyonda 47. Non-invasive surgery using magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery technology 366 Richard Chudacoff 48. Future research in abnormal uterine bleeding 373 Marlies Y Bongers, Ben WJ Mol, Khalid S Khan, and Neil P Johnson Index 383 Contributors Arnold P Advincula MD Melissa Cameron BMBS (Hons) MPH FRANZCOG Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Endosurgery Research Fellow University of Michigan Medical Center Mercy Hospital for Women Ann Arbor, MI Heidelberg USA Victoria Australia Maha Alkatib MRCOG Early Pregnancy, Gynecological Ultrasound Richard Chudacoff MD FACOG and MAS Unit Las Vegas International Center for