University of Huddersfield Repository Li, Zhaoning The influence of tourism on the sustaining of vernacular architechtural tradition embodied in the Bai and Naxi dwellings in Yunnan, China. Original Citation Li, Zhaoning (2013) The influence of tourism on the sustaining of vernacular architechtural tradition embodied in the Bai and Naxi dwellings in Yunnan, China. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/23666/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ THE INFLUENCE OF TOURISM ON THE SUSTAINING OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURAL TRADITION EMBODIED IN THE BAI AND NAXI DWELLINGS IN YUNNAN, CHINA ZHAONING LIU A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Art, Design and Architecture University of Huddersfield December 2013 Copyright statement i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns any copyright in it (the ―Copyright‖) and s/he has given The University of Huddersfield the right to use such copyright for any administrative, promotional, educational and/or teaching purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts, may be made only in accordance with the regulations of the University Library. Details of these regulations may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of any patents, designs, trademarks and any and all other intellectual property rights except for the Copyright (the ―Intellectual Property Rights‖) and any reproductions of copyright works, for example graphs and tables (―Reproductions‖), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property Rights and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property Rights and/or Reproductions. 2 Abstract Yunnan is an economically underdeveloped region in south-western China, in which many ethnic settlements are preserved well. Within the last two decades, many ethnic communities at a grass-roots social level have been conducting a series of tourism-related developments of Bai and Naxi dwellings in Yunnan. They are altering, restoring, rebuilding, refurbishing and renewing ordinary Bai or Naxi dwellings into multi-function dwellings, which are not only the residential homes of families, but are also capable of providing an exotic cultural experience for tourists‘ consumption. Nevertheless, Bai and Naxi dwellings are representations of a living culture, embodying a complex set of vernacular architectural traditions which have been transmitted for many generations. When the Bai and Naxi dwellings are involved in tourism development, the transmission and adaptation of these vernacular architectural traditions are changed, and the manner in which such traditions aresustained in new circumstances becomes an interesting problem. This study explores the influence of tourism development on sustaining the vernacular architectural tradition embodied in Bai and Naxi dwellings in Yunnan, China. The researcher has conducted three rounds of fieldwork, choosing 30 Bai and Naxi dwellings involved in tourism development, from four ethnic minority settlements in Yunnan, for investigation. Observation, interview and questionnaire have been applied to collect data, and template analysis has been used to analyse the data. The results of the analysis show that if tourism development is conducted mainly at a community level, itcan enhance the sustaining of the vernacular architectural tradition embodied in Bai and Naxi dwellings. In summary, the sustaining of vernacular architectural tradition is not simply influenced by the nature of tourism, but is highly dependent on the social level of the developers, the construction pattern they choose, and the socio-cultural interaction they produce. 3 Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... 4 List of Figures ............................................................................................................... 7 List of Tables ................................................................................................................ 9 List of Diagrams .......................................................................................................... 10 Dedications and Acknowledgements ............................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................ 12 1.1 Background of the study ................................................................................... 12 1.1.1 Significance of the study ........................................................................... 12 1.1.2 Involvement of Bai and Naxi dwellings in tourism ......................................... 15 1.1.3 Booming of guesthouse business ................................................................ 21 1.1.4 Commercialization of vernacular tradition .................................................... 23 1.2 Statement of conceptual framework.................................................................... 25 1.2.1 Research question .................................................................................... 25 1.2.2 Key concept and Conceptual framework ...................................................... 25 1.3 Structure of the thesis ...................................................................................... 33 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................ 36 2.1 Studies of vernacular architecture from an anthropological perspective ................... 36 2.2 Studies of vernacular architecture from an architectural perspective ....................... 37 2.2.1 Definition of vernacular architecture ........................................................... 38 2.2.2 Understanding of vernacular architecture .................................................... 39 2.2.3 Understanding of transmission of vernacular tradition ................................... 42 2.2.4 Challenge of vernacular architecture in the twenty-first century ..................... 49 2.3 Tourism development and vernacular architecture ................................................ 51 2.3.1 Definition of tourism ................................................................................. 51 2.3.2 Types of tourism ...................................................................................... 52 2.3.3Influence of tourism on vernacular built environment .................................... 55 2.4 Theoretical gap and location .............................................................................. 61 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................... 63 3.1 Research design ............................................................................................... 63 3.1.1 Methodology paradigm ............................................................................. 63 3.1.2 Research methods .................................................................................... 63 3.2 Boundaries of the study .................................................................................... 68 3.2.1 Bai and Naxi courtyard dwelling ................................................................. 68 3.2.2 Geographical boundary of the study ........................................................... 72 3.2.3 Settlements and dwellings in Dali and Lijiang .............................................. 72 4 3.2.4 Reasons for choice ................................................................................... 74 3.2.5 Guesthouse cases .................................................................................... 75 3.3 Fieldwork and data collection ............................................................................. 87 3.3.1 Circle of investigation ............................................................................... 87 3.3.2 Ethical issues ........................................................................................... 99 3.3.3 Other problems in the field study .............................................................. 100 3.4 Data analysis