Appendix 1 Lacandon Plants Unidentifi ed Botanically A–a Ch–ch ak' tsup Lit: ‘tsup vine’. The species looks like a large, chäkhun che' Lit: ‘red bark cloth tree’. A tree with a straight thick, jungle vine, approximately 7.6 cm (3″) thick, descend- trunk, approximately 30 cm (11″) in diameter, with some- ing from the canopy to the forest fl oor. The Lacandones cut what smooth, exterior bark and bright orange inner bark. It is off pieces for use as a fi redrill. These vines may actually be unclear whether or not the tree provides fi bre for barkclo th. the aerial roots of Dendropanax arboreus, an epiphytic tree. See: chäk hu'un . SD: Plants. Thes: che' . [Source: AM; BM ] Durán’s Lacandon consultants say that Hamelia calycosa is chäk 'akte' Lit: ‘red 'akte'’. A spiny palm variety of hach used for the same purpose. Use: che'il häxbil k'ak' ‘fi re- ‘akte’ ( Astrocaryum mexicanum). According to BM, it is dis- drill’; Part: ak' ‘vine’. SD: Plants. Thes: ak' . [Note: jaxa tinguished by its reddish leaf sheath. No uses were reported. kak. Hamelia calycosa (Durán 1999 ); tzup [Itz.]. lion’s paw Loc: pach wits ‘behind the hills’; Sim: ya'ax 'akte' ‘green tree. Dendropanax arboreus (Atran et al. 2004 ; Hofl ing and 'akte'’; Gen: hach 'akte' ‘authentic 'akte' ( Astrocaryum Tesucún 1997 ). ] [Source: AM; BM ] [ \sd2 fuel ] mexicanum)’. SD: Plants. [Source: AM; BM ] chäk hach chulul Lit: ‘red authentic bow’. Use: chulul Ä–ä ‘bows’; Sim: ek' hach chulul ‘black chulul’; Gen: hach chulul ‘authentic chulul’. SD: Plants. Thes: che' . [Source: 'ämäy reed (a large type of). Yan ubäho', semet' i bambu. AM ] [ \sd2 hunting_and_fi shing ] Chen ma' 'ooh. Es chich, haban uts'u', yan umo'okol. ‘Its chäk nikte' ak' Lit: ‘red blossom-tree vine’. Use: uyoom- brothers are semet’ ( Rhipidocladum bartlettii) and bamboo tik käkow yetel ‘One froths cacao with it’; Part: yits uyol ( Bambusa vulgaris) but not 'ooh ( Gynerium sagittatum). It ‘resin from the growing tip’. Variant: chäk ak' . SD: Plants. has a hard stalk, a hollow pith, and jointed nodes.’ (BM) Thes: ak' . [Source: AM ] [ \sd2 food ] According to AM, it once grew in abundance in Naha' but now it is only found in Yahapetha'. Sections of the stalks chäk 'oox Lit: ‘red breadnut’. Mas mihin que hach 'oox. were used as fl utes. Although the species has not yet been As chäkchäk. Yuul usool. Utahal ti' marso. ‘Its (fruit) is identifi ed, it could be a species of Guadua, perhaps Guadua much smaller than that of hach 'oox. It is sort of red. The amplexifolia. Loc: Yahapetha' ‘Guineo’; Use: chul ‘fl ute’; skin is smooth. It ripens in March.’ (BM). Use: hanal Part: che'il ‘stalk’; Sim: semet' ‘ Rhipidocladum bartlettii’; ‘food’; Part: wich ‘fruit’; Prep: che'che' ‘raw’; Sim: hach Sim: bambu ‘bamboo ( Bambu sa vulgaris 'Vittata')’. SD: 'oox ‘authentic breadnut ( Brosimum alicastrum)’; Sim: Plants. [Note: The name was unfamiliar to BMjr or other ya'ax 'oox ; Sim: k'än 'oox ‘yellow breadnut ( Brosimum young Lacandones whom I interviewed.] [Source: AM; alicastrum)’; Gen: 'oox . SD: Plants. Thes: che' . [Note: BM ] [ \sd2 musical_instruments ] Likely a tree in the Moraceae family. I was unable to locate the tree, and so without plant materials and photos it is dif- fi cult to determine the taxon. The only species that comes B–b closest to BM’s description is Trophis racemosa . Few refer- ences are made to chäk 'oox in the Mayan botanical litera- bahche' bahche'. Lit: ‘nail tree’. Loc: k'aax ‘forest’; Spec: ture. Burger ( 1962: 31) identifi es cha cox as Trophis ek' bahche' ‘black bahche’ ( Guatteria anomala)’; Spec: säk racemosa ssp. ramon (Schlecht. & Cham.) W. Burger. He bahche' ‘white bahche’ ( Guarea glabra)’. SD: Plants. describes the species as being adapted to drier conditions S. Cook, The Forest of the Lacandon Maya, 335 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-9111-8, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 336 Appendix 1 Lacandon Plants Unidentifi ed Botanically than those tolerated by other members of Trophis. It grows 1998 : 86); ch'oj [Itz.] tinto de añil. indigo dye. Cf tzitz on dry hillsides, in ravines, river valleys, and forests from (Hofl ing and Tesucún 1997 ). ] [Source: AM ] [ \sd2 craft ] sea level to 2500 m (Burger 1962 : 10). The only other refer- ch'ulkeh (ah) Lit: ‘the deer urine’. A tall shrub that grows ence to chäk 'oox is provided in Atran et al. ( 2004 ), where along roadsides and disturbed areas. It bears large, yellow " chäk ox" [Itz.] is associated with Brosimum alicastrum. ] sunfl owers. The Lacandones consider it lo'obil ‘a weed’. [Source: AM; BM ] [ \sd2 food ] Use: ts'ak ti' uyoot'el ahpek' ‘medicine for dog’s skin, chäk pahok This is a small palm that is approximately mange’; Part: le' ‘leaves’; Prep: uch'ulik ule' ich ha', 1.8 m (6′) tall. The name refers to the red infl orescence and pachil uhixtik uyoot'el ahpek' yetel, 'oxw äts' ‘one soaks growing tips. Loc: wits ‘hills’; Spec: mehen chäk pahok the leaves in water and then scrubs the dog’s skin with them, ‘small red pahok’; Sim: hach pahok ‘authentic pahok’; Sim: three times’. Morph: ch'ul-keh . SD: Plants. [Note: chul-ceh k'unche' pahok ‘k'unche' pahok ( Geonoma oxycarpa)’; [Yuc.]. Lit. deer-chul. A decoction is employed as a bath for Gen: pahok . SD: Plants. [Source: AM; BM ] aching bones, convulsions, giddiness, and an unidentifi ed disease (Roys 1931 : 239). The word was unfamiliar to BM. ] chäk tso'ots bamax Lit: ‘red hairy bamax’. Use: hanal ‘food’; [Source: AM ] [ \sd2 medicinal ] Part: wich ‘fruit’; Prep: che'che' ‘raw’; Sim: k'än tso'ots bamax ‘yellow hairy bamax’; Gen: tso'ots bamax ‘ Pseudolmedia oxy- phyllaria’. SD: Plants. Thes: che' . [ \sd2 food ] E–e chehew bamboo (a type of). Nuk uk'i'ixel, tak ba'ik sukal utsa'apil [<ts'ap?]. ‘It has large thorns and sections like ek' hach chulul Lit: ‘black authentic bow’. Use: chulul those of sugarcane’ (CK, in Bruce 1975 : 142). This word ‘bows’; Sim: chäk hach chulul ‘red authentic chulul’; Gen: was unfamiliar to all of my consultants, except for hach chulul . SD: Plants. Thes: che' . [Source: AM ] [ \sd2 AM. From CK’s description, chehew could be a species of hunting_and_fi shing ] Guadua. G. amplexifolia is the only species listed in the most recent Lacandon botanical literature (Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas 2006 ), although H–h there may be others in the area, namely G. aculeata, G. paniculata (syn. Chusquea spinosa) and G. longfolia (Gibb hach koyoh coyo persea (wild pear). A cultivated relative of Cooper, pers. comm.). All are thorny and clumping. Use: Persea. Use: hanal ‘food’; Part: wich ‘fruit’; Prep: che'che' chul ‘fl ute’. See: 'ämäy . SD: Plants. [Note: ché'eh [Yuc.]. ‘raw’; Sim: nukuch koyoh ‘large koyoh’ ( Persea schie- be exposed (points, tips); cheh ‘stick out’, expose (Bricker deana); Gen: koyoh . Variant: mehen koyoh . SD: Plants. et al. 1998 ). ] [Source: CK, in Bruce ( 1975 ). ] [ \sd2 Thes: che' . [Source: AM; BM ] [ \sd2 food ] musical_instruments ] hach nikte' Lit: ‘authentic nikte'’. Hach nikte' yan uche'il, chixtun che' Lit: ‘gravel tree’. Loc: wits ‘the hills’; Use: batak 30 cm (12″). P'iis che'. Unuktal p'iis uka'anil uba- hanal ‘food’; Part: nek' ‘seeds’; Prep: ak'elik unek' ich kel uho'ol nah. Unuk utan ule' utop'. Latanup ule' utop'. xämäch, pachil amäk'ik, p'iis kakawat ‘You toast the Yan ubok, ne ki'. ‘Hach nikte’ has a trunk about 30 cm (12″) seeds on the griddle and then you eat them like peanuts’. in diameter, the same as a tree. It grows as high as the roof of Morph: chich=tun che' . SD: Plants. Thes: che' . [Note: BM a house. The petals are l arge. There are four petals. They are was unfamiliar with this name. ] [Source: AM ] [ \sd2 food ] very fragrant.’ (BM) BM said the plant is invoked in a prayer to consecrate the copal. Cultivated. Use: tsoy uwich ‘orna- mental’. SD: Plants. Thes: ak' . [Source: BM ] [ \sd2 orna- Ch'–ch' mental \sd2 religion ] ch'ox Nukuch che'. Uyäch'ik ule', ya'ax. ‘This is a big hach pahok Lit: ‘authentic pahok’. According to BM, this tree. You crush the leaves to get blue (dye).’ (AM). Loc: tree is similar to chäk pahok, though much taller and with Mensäbäk ‘Mensäbäk’; Use: ti' ubanik ba'al ‘for dying larger leaves. It prefers a low, level terrain with rich soil. It things’; Part: le' ‘leaves’; Prep: ayäch'ik ule' ‘You crush the does not grow well in the hills. Loc: äka'an ‘low, level leaves’. SD: Plants. Thes: che' . [Note: ch'ox. Indigofera suf- ground’; Use: che'il k'ak' ‘fi rewood’; Use: pixnah ‘thatch’; fruticosa (Baer and Merrifi eld 1971 ); ch'òoh [Yuc.]. Part: le' ‘leaves’; Sim: chäk pahok ‘red pahok’; Sim: Indigofera suffruticosa Miller, Indigofera mucronata. An k'unche' pahok ‘ Geonoma oxycarpa’; Gen: pahok (ah) . herbaceous plant used to treat varicose veins, fl owers or Variant: pahok . SD: Plants. [Source: BM ] [ \sd2 construc- leaves used for dye, branches used for brooms (Bricker et al. tion \sd2 fuel ] Appendix 1 Lacandon Plants Unidentifi ed Botanically 337 hach pom Lit: ‘authentic incense’. A tree whose resin is 2006 ); koyok. Beilschmiedia anay (Nations and Nigh 1980 ). ] collected and mashed into pom ‘incense’. According to AM, [Source: BM ] [ \sd2 food ] the tree does not grow in Naha'. He recalls it being abundant in a place called Päk'änil Pom and thinks it might still grow there and in Chancalá. BM says it also grows in Mensäbäk. K'–k' Loc: Mensäbäk ‘Mensäbäk’; Loc: Päk'änil Pom ‘Tenosique (?)’; Loc: chankalá ‘Chancala’; Use: pom ‘incense’; Part: k'an Lit: ‘cord’.