LABOUR MARKET INCLUSION OF THE LESS SKILLED MIGRANTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION Edited by Anna Platonova and Giuliana Urso TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS............................................ 7 Introduction............................................................ 7 Defining.Low-.and.Semi-Skilled.Migrants................................. 8 1..Labour.market.context............................................... 9 2..Characteristics.of.Migrant.Population.................................. 11 2.1.. Educational.attainment......................................... 11 2.2. Occupation................................................... 13 2.3. Employment.indicators......................................... 16 2.4. Underutilization.of.labour...................................... 19 2.5. Wages........................................................ 20 2.6. Working.conditions............................................ 21 3..Policy.Framework.................................................... 22 3.1. Admission.and.employment..................................... 22 3.2. Labour.market.integration.support.............................. 24 Concluding.Considerations.............................................. 26 References............................................................. 28 CASE STUDIES.......................................................... 33 Methodological.Note................................................... 35 1..Subsidized.Immigrant.Employment.in.Denmark......................... 39 1.1. Immigration.in.Denmark....................................... 39 1.2. Immigrants.and.the.Danish.labour.market........................ 40 1.3. Active.labour.market.policies................................... 41 1.3.1. The.newcomer.introduction.programme................. 41 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 1.3.2. Subsidized.employment................................. 43 Conclusions.and.Recommendations..................................... 44 References. .......................................................... 45 2..Developing.Comprehensive.Mechanisms.for.Labour.Immigration:. MATTO.programme.in.Finland.......................................... 47 2.1. Immigration.Context........................................... 47 2.2. Employment.patterns.of.immigrants.to.Finland................... 48 2.3. Labour.market.situation.in.Turku.and.South-Western.Finland.. 49 2.4. The.Spurtti.project............................................ 49 2.5. Experts’.assessment.on.Spurtti.in.the.current.labour.market.situation. in.Turku.and.the.surrounding.region............................. 50 2.5.1. Recession............................................. 51 2.5.2. Supply.and.demand.in.the.labour.market................. 51 2.5.3. Finland.as.a.destination.country.of.immigrants............ 51 2.5.4. Challenges.concerning.specific.groups.of.immigrants... 52 2.5.5. The.case.of.Turku...................................... 52 2.5.6. Attitudes.............................................. 52 2.5.7. The.need.for.longer-term.support....................... 53 Conclusions. ......................................................... 53 References. .......................................................... 54 3..Germany:.Stakeholder.Cooperation.for.Vocational.Training.in.Frankfurt.. 55 3.1. Immigration.context........................................... 55 3.2. Recognition.of.professional.qualifications........................ 56 3.3. Chambers.of.Industry.and.Trade.and.Chambers.of.Skilled.Crafts.. 56 3.4. The.German.school.system.and.the.dual.system.of.vocational. training....................................................... 57 3.5. Situation.in.Frankfurt.......................................... 57 3.6. Stakeholder.cooperation.in.the.Frankfurt.region.................. 58 3.7. Goals.of.the.IUBA.project...................................... 59 3.8.. Assumptions.on.the.effectiveness.of.the.project.International Companies Providing Vocational Training.(IUBA)..................... 60 3.9.. Implementation.of.IUBA........................................ 61 3.10.. Evaluation.results.............................................. 62 Further.evaluation.opportunities.and.recommendations.................. 62 List.of.interviews..................................................... 63 LABOUR MARKET INCLUSION OF THE LESS SKILLED MIGRANTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION References. .......................................................... 64 4 4..Simplification.of.Employment.of.Foreign.Workers.in.Poland.and.the. Case.of.Wroclaw....................................................... 65 4.1.. Description.of.the.‘Simplified.System’............................ 65 4.2.. Description.of.Wrocław’s.Labour.Market........................ 67 4.3.. Potential.Problems............................................. 68 4.4.. Practical.observations.on.the.‘Simplified.System’.for.the.case. of.Wrocław................................................... 70 Conclusions.and.Recommendations..................................... 71 References. .......................................................... 72 5.National.Network.of.Employment.Support.Offices:.GIP.IMIGRANTE.. in.Portugal............................................................. 75 5.1.. Context.and.rationale.of.the.Network.GIP.Imigrante............. 75 5.2.. Analysis.of.partnerships,.clients,.activities.and.operating.procedures.of. the.Network GIP Imigrante....................................... 78 5.3.. Assessment.of.the.outcomes.of.the.Network GIP Imigrante.. 79 Conclusions.and.Recommendations..................................... 80 6.Romania:.Exploitation.Migrant.Workers.and.Initiatives.to.Protect.Their.. Rights.................................................................. 83 6.1.. Migration.context............................................. 83 6.2.. Migrants’.Rights.Violations.and.Respective.Measures.............. 85 6.2.1.. Protests.of.the.Chinese.migrant.workers................. 85 6.2.2.. The.precarious.situation.of.migrant.domestic.workers.. 88 Conclusions.and.Recommendations..................................... 88 References. .......................................................... 89 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS1 Anna Platonova, Katerina Kyrieri, Giuliana Urso and Eleni Roidou Introduction Europe.2020.Strategy.suggests.that.a.rational.migration.policy.should.acknowledge.that. migrants.can.bring.dynamism,.new.ideas.in.the.EU.labour.market.and.also.contribute.to. the.creation.of.new.jobs.(European.Commission,.2011a)..Labour.immigration.debate.in. Europe.in.the.recent.years.has.mainly.focused.on.the.need.to.attract.more.highly.skilled. migrants.from.outside.the.European.Union.to.boost.competitiveness.by.increasing.the. talent.pool..Dedicated.channels.for.immigration.of.this.category.of.workers.remained. largely.open.in.a.number.of.the.EU.Member.States.throughout.the.recession.. On.the.contrary,.less.skilled.migrants.–.those.with.low.and.medium.levels.of.educational. attainment.–.have.seen.the.few.existing.entry.doors.often.being.shut,.and.those.already. in.the.EU.are.portrayed.as.a.societal.burden.in.the.popular.discourse..Such.attitudes. are.widespread.elsewhere,.for.instance,.both.highly.skilled.and.low-skilled.US.natives. strongly.prefer.highly.skilled.immigration.over.the.low.skilled.flows.(Hainmueller.&. Hiscox.2010),.thus.highlighting.a.wider.range.of.concerns.than.those.of.purely.economic. nature..At.the.same.time,.the.actual.labour.market.demand.may.suggest.the.need.to. consider.immigration.at.all.skill.levels,.temporary.or.permanent,.to.support.potential. economic.recovery.. The. purpose. of. this. study. is. to. draw. attention. to. these. two. groups. of. less. skilled. migrant.workers.that.are.often.treated.differently.from.the.highly.skilled..Furthermore,. it.will.try.to.identify.the.relevant.labour.market.integration.challenges.and.patterns.. To.this.end,.the.study.will.map.and.assess.the.respective.policy.measures.in.various. fields.attempting.to.regulate.migration.and.to.support.integration.of.this.category.of. migrants..The.reasons.to.focus.on.the.migrant.population.of.these.qualifications.are. manifold:. a. Large.cohorts.already.residing.in.the.Member.States.combined.with.the.increasing. labour.demand.and.labour.market.mismatches,. b. Special.characteristics.of.the.less.skilled.migrants.which.place.them.in.a.more. vulnerable.position.in.comparison.to.the.highly.skilled.migrants,.whilst.raising. specific.integration.challenges.in.the.receiving.countries,.and. 1. Unless.cited.differently,.data.in.this.summary.is.obtained.in.the.LINET.country.reports.2011.as.cited.in.the. OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS national.statistical.sources. 7 c. Semi-skilled.workers.in.particular.are.often.left.out.of.the.analysis.based.on.a. polarized.viewpoint.of.migrant.labour.market.insertion. This.study.is.focused.on.third-country.(non-EU).nationals.residing.in.the.EU.irrespective. of. their. channel. of. entry.. When. possible,. the. analysis. differentiates. between. the. native.population,.nationals.of.EU.countries.and.third-country.nationals..Working.age. population.is.generally.defined.as.adults.aged.15-64. Defining Low- and Semi-Skilled Migrants Defining.“skills”.is.rather.challenging.since.–.despite.the.term’s.wide.use.in.academic,. public.and.policy.discourse.–.it.remains.very.broad.both.conceptually.and.empirically.. According.to.the.European.Commission,.skills.can.encompass.the.following.notions: • Knowledge. as. “the. outcome. of. assimilation. of. information. through. learning;. consisted.of.facts,.principles,.theories.and.practices.that.are.related.to.the.field.