Lab 13 – Respiratory System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Respiratory System II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Airways 1. Conducting Airways a. Extrapulmonary i. Nasal cavity ii. Larynx iii. Trachea b. Intrapulmonary i. Bronchi ii. Terminal bronchiole 2. Respiratory Airways a. Respiratory bronchiole b. Alveolar duct and sac c. Alveolus B. Vasculature 1. Pulmonary Arteries 2. Pulmonary Veins 3. Bronchial Arteries C. Pleura V. Summary SEM of alveoli in lung. Lab 13 – Respiratory System IUSM – 2016 Introduction I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives The respiratory system consists of two functional divisions with distinct structural elements that III. Keywords reflect their unique roles in the process of respiration: IV. Slides A. Airways 1. The conducting airways serve to clean, warm, moisten, and conduct air. This portion is composed 1. Conducting Airways of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles (terminal). In general, this portion a. Extrapulmonary is lined by respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium). i. Nasal cavity ii. Larynx • Extrapulmonary air conduits are located outside of the lungs and begin with the nose, iii. Trachea pharynx and larynx. The trachea is continuous with the larynx above and the two primary bronchi below. b. Intrapulmonary i. Bronchi • Intrapulmonary air conduits are located within the lung and extend from the intralobar ii. Terminal bronchiole bronchi to the terminal bronchioles. When the bronchi enter the lung, the C-shaped 2. Respiratory Airways cartilages that characterize the trachea and primary bronchi are replaced by irregular plates a. Respiratory bronchiole of cartilage that completely surround the cylindrical muscular airway tube. Cartilage b. Alveolar duct and sac disappears in the terminal bronchioles. The terminal bronchioles initially have a ciliated c. Alveolus columnar epithelium that soon transitions to a low cuboidal epithelium. B. Vasculature 1. Pulmonary Arteries 2. The respiratory airways facilitate gas exchange (have alveoli). These are located entirely within 2. Pulmonary Veins the lung and are represented by respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. 3. Bronchial Arteries The epithelium of the respiratory airways quickly transitions from a low, simple cuboidal epithelium to simple squamous epithelium. C. Pleura V. Summary Lab 13 – Respiratory System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Learning Objectives II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords 1. Describe the components of the nasal cavity and their functions in conditioning air. IV. Slides A. Airways 2. Explain the structural features of the larynx and their roles in producing phonation. 1. Conducting Airways a. Extrapulmonary 3. Describe the key structural changes to the airway along the lower respiratory tract i. Nasal cavity (trachea through alveoli). ii. Larynx iii. Trachea 4. Describe the structure/function relationship of the epithelial lining of the b. Intrapulmonary respiratory tract and how it changes from the trachea to the alveolus. i. Bronchi ii. Terminal bronchiole 5. Identify the characteristic microscopic structural and cellular components of defined elements of the respiratory system from the trachea to the alveolus. 2. Respiratory Airways a. Respiratory bronchiole 6. Identify the structural components of the nasal cavity, including the organization of b. Alveolar duct and sac the respiratory mucosa. c. Alveolus B. Vasculature 7. Describe the components of olfactory mucosa and explain their functions in 1. Pulmonary Arteries producing the sense of smell. 2. Pulmonary Veins 3. Bronchial Arteries C. Pleura V. Summary Lab 13 – Respiratory System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Learning Objectives (cont.) II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords 8. Identify the structural features of the larynx, comparing and contrasting the true IV. Slides and false vocal folds. A. Airways 1. Conducting Airways 9. Describe the structure and functions of the conducting portion of the respiratory a. Extrapulmonary system. i. Nasal cavity ii. Larynx 10. Recognize and describe respiratory epithelium and the functional significance of its iii. Trachea structural features. b. Intrapulmonary i. Bronchi 11. Describe and identify the structures of the larynx, trachea, and bronchial trees. ii. Terminal bronchiole 12. Explain the structure and functions of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and 2. Respiratory Airways alveoli. a. Respiratory bronchiole b. Alveolar duct and sac 13. Recognize and describe the functions of type I and type II pneumocytes and alveolar c. Alveolus macrophages. B. Vasculature 1. Pulmonary Arteries 14. Recognize and describe the structural features of the alveolar septum or air-blood 2. Pulmonary Veins barrier. 3. Bronchial Arteries C. Pleura V. Summary Lab 13 – Respiratory System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives Keywords III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Airways Air-blood barrier Olfactory epithelium Alveolar duct Respiratory bronchiole 1. Conducting Airways Alveolar sac Respiratory epithelium a. Extrapulmonary Alveoli Terminal bronchiole i. Nasal cavity Bronchiole Trachea ii. Larynx Bronchus Tracheal ring iii. Trachea Cartilage plate Trachealis muscle b. Intrapulmonary Conchae (turbinates) True vocal fold/cord i. Bronchi Dust cell (macrophage) Type I pneumocyte ii. Terminal bronchiole False vocal fold/cord Type II pneumocyte 2. Respiratory Airways Larynx Vocal ligament a. Respiratory bronchiole Nasal cavity Vocalis muscle b. Alveolar duct and sac Nasal septum c. Alveolus B. Vasculature 1. Pulmonary Arteries 2. Pulmonary Veins 3. Bronchial Arteries C. Pleura V. Summary Lab 13 – Respiratory System IUSM – 2016 Slide 130: Fetal Skull I. Introduction Slide Overview II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords look here for IV. Slides olfactory A. Airways epithelium 1. Conducting Airways a. Extrapulmonary cartilaginous nasal i. Nasal cavity septum ii. Larynx iii. Trachea look here for b. Intrapulmonary respiratory i. Bronchi epithelium ii. Terminal bronchiole 2. Respiratory Airways tongue in the a. Respiratory bronchiole oral cavity b. Alveolar duct and sac c. Alveolus B. Vasculature developing tooth Side View Frontal View 1. Pulmonary Arteries 2. Pulmonary Veins 3. Bronchial Arteries C. Pleura V. Summary Slide 130 – Fetal Skull Lab 13 – Respiratory System IUSM – 2016 Slide 12a (464): Fetal Pig Head, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Airways 1. Conducting Airways a. Extrapulmonary i. Nasal cavity ii. Larynx iii. Trachea b. Intrapulmonary i. Bronchi olfactory epithelium ii. Terminal bronchiole 2. Respiratory Airways a. Respiratory bronchiole b. Alveolar duct and sac c. Alveolus respiratory epithelium B. Vasculature 1. Pulmonary Arteries pseudostratified ciliated 2. Pulmonary Veins columnar epithelium 3. Bronchial Arteries C. Pleura olfactory epithelium is specialized pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium located on the roof of the V. Summary nasal cavity; it contains several cell types, including olfactory neurons, that facilitate the detection of odors Lab 13 – Respiratory System IUSM – 2016 Slide 64 (NW): Olfactory Epithelium, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides nasal concha bone A. Airways (turbinate) 1. Conducting Airways venule (venous plexus) a. Extrapulmonary i. Nasal cavity bundles of unmyelinated axons ii. Larynx forming the olfactory nerve (CN I) iii. Trachea b. Intrapulmonary i. Bronchi Bowman’s (olfactory) ii. Terminal bronchiole serous (seromucous) gland 2. Respiratory Airways olfactory epithelium a. Respiratory bronchiole b. Alveolar duct and sac c. Alveolus cilia B. Vasculature 1. Pulmonary Arteries 2. Pulmonary Veins olfactory mucosa 3. Bronchial Arteries C. Pleura the olfactory mucosa – like all mucosa – consists of an epithelial lining and an underlying connective tissue lamina propria; the specialized olfactory epithelium contains neurons for olfaction (sense of smell); within the V. Summary lamina propria, the extensive venous plexus permits effective heat exchange to warm incoming air; however, inflammatory conditions (e.g., allergies and infections) can cause engorgement and leakiness of the vessels, leading to swelling of the mucosa and obstruction of the air passageways Lab 13 – Respiratory System IUSM – 2016 Slide 64 (NW): Olfactory Epithelium, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Airways 1. Conducting Airways a. Extrapulmonary basement membrane i. Nasal cavity ii. Larynx iii. Trachea basal cell nucleus b. Intrapulmonary i. Bronchi olfactory neuron nucleus ii. Terminal bronchiole 2. Respiratory Airways supporting cell nucleus a. Respiratory bronchiole b. Alveolar duct and sac c. Alveolus cilia B. Vasculature 1. Pulmonary Arteries 2. Pulmonary Veins 3. Bronchial Arteries the olfactory epithelium is composed of three cell types: (1) the basally-located basal cells which serve as stem C. Pleura cells for the other two cell types, as olfactory neurons have a short lifespan (only about one month); (2) the V. Summary olfactory neurons which span the depth of the epithelium but whose axons are generally located in the middle of the epithelium; and (3) the supporting cells which are pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells with apically- located nuclei and serve as support cells for the neurons and secrete the odor-binding proteins Lab 13 – Respiratory System IUSM – 2016 Slide 32 (NW): Osteogenesis Additional Slides to Examine I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives look within the developing nasal