USAID/ZIMBABWEHE FUTURE PROGRAMMIN G GENDER ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT FOR FEED THE FUTURE PROGRAMMING DISCLAIMER JULY 2009 TheJANUARY author’s views2012 expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNited States Agency forThisThis International publication Developmentwas was produced produced orfor the forreview UN reviewited by theStates by United the Government. UNited States AgencyStates forAgency International for International Development. It was prepared by Development.ACDI/VOCA and It was Banyan prepared Global. by DAI UNder subcontract to ACDI/VOCA with fUNding from the Accelerated . CONTENTS CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................................................ I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................................................... III ACRONYMS........................................................................................................................................................................ IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 USAID ECONOMIC GROWTH/FOOD SECURITY PROGRAMS .................................................................................................................. 5 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................................................... 5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 II. GENDER ANALYSIS OF SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE SECTOR ....................................................................................... 6 GENDER ROLES ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7 GENDERED DIMENSIONS IN INTRA-HOUSEHOLD DECISIONMAKING AND CONTROL OVER ASSETS .................................................................... 9 GENDER AND MARITAL STATUS: FEMALE HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS ........................................................................................................... 9 GENDER CONSTRAINTS: RESOURCES AND OPPORTUNITIES ................................................................................................................... 11 WATER ................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 INPUTS ................................................................................................................................................................................. 12 TRAINING AND EXTENSION SERVICES .......................................................................................................................................... 12 TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................................................. 13 FARMERS CLUSTERS, ASSOCIATIONS AND PRODUCER GROUPS .......................................................................................................... 13 FINANCIAL SERVICES ............................................................................................................................................................... 14 MARKETS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 15 GENDER CONSTRAINTS: ASSETS AND INCOME .................................................................................................................................. 16 LAND ................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 INCOME AND MONEY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ........................................................................................................................... 18 GENDER CONSTRAINTS AND WOMEN’S VULNERABILITY .................................................................................................................. 18 GENDER DIMENSIONS IN AGRIBUSINESSES........................................................................................................................................ 19 SOCIOCULTURAL DYNAMICS: ACCEPTANCE OF GENDER NORMS ............................................................................................................ 19 III. GENDER ANALYSIS OF POLICIES, LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS ....................................................................................... 20 GENDER POLICIES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 21 LAND OWNERSHIP, TENURE AND ASSET INHERITANCE POLICIES ............................................................................................................. 23 AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY POLICIES .................................................................................................................................... 26 GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS ........................................................................................................................................................... 26 CHALLENGES TO GENDER MAINSTREAMING WITHIN GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS .................................................................................... 28 GAPS IN AVAILABILITY OF POLICIES AND INFORMATION ....................................................................................................................... 29 IV. GENDER CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECT VALUE CHAINS .............................................................................................. 30 COTTON ................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 VEGETABLES .............................................................................................................................................................................. 31 GROUNDNUTS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 32 MAIZE ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 DAIRY ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 POULTRY .................................................................................................................................................................................. 37 USAID/ZIMBABWE GENDER ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT FOR FEED THE FUTURE PROGRAMMING I BARRIERS TO ENTRY INTO MALE-DOMINATED VALUE CHAINS ............................................................................................................... 38 V. WHAT WORKS? GENDER ASSESSMENT OF IMPLEMENTATION APPROACHES ............................................................ 39 USAID ECONOMIC GROWTH PROGRAMS ........................................................................................................................................ 39 OTHER DONOR PROGRAMS ........................................................................................................................................................... 49 CIVIL SOCIETY PROGRAMS............................................................................................................................................................. 51 VI. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FEED THE FUTURE PROGRAMMING ................................................................................ 53 FEED THE FUTURE STRATEGY ......................................................................................................................................................... 54 PROGRAM INTERVENTIONS ........................................................................................................................................................... 54 IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS’ OPERATIONAL PRACTICES ......................................................................................................................... 59 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ........................................................................................................................................................ 60 INFORMATION GAPS AND FURTHER RESEARCH .................................................................................................................................. 61 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................................................