E. J. Garba Music Technology An Introductory Guide Copyright © 2007 2015 E. J. Garba. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, printing, recording, or otherwise, without the written prior permission of the author. ETHEREAL MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY Block D 19, No. 45 Hammaruwa Way, Opp. Muri Hotel P. O. Box 1343 Jalingo, Taraba State, RC 1134046 NG Phone: +2348036943881 Website: https://ethereal-multimedia.com/ About The Author E. J. Garba (PhD, MEng, BSc) is a Music and Multimedia Consultant with ETHEREAL MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY LTD. He possesses a PhD Degree in Music/Multimedia Technology. He is a graduate of in Computer Science, Databases and Networking from St. Petersburg State University of Information Technology, Mechanics and Optics, St. Petersburg, Russia. With Master s Degree in Software Engineering, he specializes in: Software design/development/engineering; System support; Web Design, Hosting and Digital Content Management; Multimedia/Music Technology and Digital Audio Production; Music composing and arranging; Technical documentation and writing. His key areas of research and development include: Mathematical and visual modeling of In-The-Box (ITB) 3D Soundstage; Software Framework for Real-time Automated 3D Audio Mixing and Mastering; Computational Problem Solving; Hybridized Interactive Algorithmic Composition Model. Acknowledgements I am most grateful to the Holy Spirit for his divine inspiration and wisdom during this writing process. Table of Contents OVERVIEW................................................................................................................................................................13 MUSIC TECHNOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................13 PC Mastery ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 Music Theory/Practical........................................................................................................................................... 14 Creativity ................................................................................................................................................................ 14 Sound...................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Audio Production.................................................................................................................................................... 14 Audio Programming/Music Software Engineering................................................................................................. 15 Sequencers ............................................................................................................................................................. 15 DIGITAL AUDIO FUNDAMENTALS..............................................................................................................................19 SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION.......................................................................................................................................... 19 Sampling Rate ........................................................................................................................................................ 20 Quantization........................................................................................................................................................... 21 Sample Size............................................................................................................................................................. 21 Quantization Error.................................................................................................................................................. 22 Dynamic Range and Clipping.................................................................................................................................. 22 Quality and Quantity.............................................................................................................................................. 23 Requisite Conversions............................................................................................................................................. 24 Resampling............................................................................................................................................................. 24 Dithering................................................................................................................................................................. 25 BASIC MUSIC THEORY ...............................................................................................................................................29 ELEMENTS OF MUSIC........................................................................................................................................................ 30 Pitch........................................................................................................................................................................ 30 Musical Scales ........................................................................................................................................................ 30 Pulse and Meter ..................................................................................................................................................... 31 Melody and Rhythm ............................................................................................................................................... 31 MOTIVE......................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Iamb Motive ........................................................................................................................................................... 32 Choree Motive ........................................................................................................................................................ 32 Amphibrach Motive................................................................................................................................................ 33 PHRASE ......................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Motive Repeating................................................................................................................................................... 33 Derived Motives ..................................................................................................................................................... 34 Contrast Motives .................................................................................................................................................... 34 HARMONY AND CHORDS ................................................................................................................................................... 35 Chord Progressions................................................................................................................................................. 37 SENTENCE AND PERIOD..................................................................................................................................................... 38 MUSIC CAREERS........................................................................................................................................................41 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS COMPOSERS ................................................................................................................................................................... 41 MUSICIAN/INSTRUMENTALIST............................................................................................................................................ 41 SINGERS/VOCALISTS......................................................................................................................................................... 41 MUSIC DIRECTORS/CONDUCTORS....................................................................................................................................... 42 ARRANGER ..................................................................................................................................................................... 42 ENGINEER PRODUCER....................................................................................................................................................... 42 MUSICIAN PRODUCER ...................................................................................................................................................... 42 EXECUTIVE PRODUCER...................................................................................................................................................... 43 FREELANCE PRODUCER ....................................................................................................................................................