JICA Thematic Guidelines Social Security (Health Care/Pension/Social Welfare) March 2009 Japan International Cooperation Agency 1 Preface JICA complied the thematic guidelines for social security (health care/pension/social welfare) with the purpose of presenting direction of JICA’s cooperation and points for consideration by presenting overviews, trends of assistance, approaches, and methods associated with social security systems (health care/pension/social welfare) (note). With these guidelines, JICA seeks to facilitate sharing of basic information and knowledge about this area among JICA’s stakeholders. These guidelines also serve as a reference when planning and formulating JICA’s projects as well as when conducting evaluations and implementing projects. By publicly disclosing the thematic guidelines through the JICA Knowledge Site, we intend to provide opportunities for the general public to become familiar with JICA’s basic concepts on social security (health care/pension/social welfare). (Note) These guidelines focus on three sub-sectors of social security: namely health care, pension, and social welfare. Separate thematic guidelines have already been formulated on support services for the persons with disabilities, among other sub-sectors of social security. Thematic guidelines for other sub-sectors will be developed in the future. 2 Thematic Guidelines Social Security (Health Care/Pension/Social Welfare) Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Schematic Chart ........................................................................................................................... 5 Schematic Chart for Development Issues on Social Security (Health Care/Pension/Social Welfare) ......................................................................................... 7 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 10 1-1. Situation of “Social Security” .................................................................................... 17 (1) Development of “Social Security” System in Asia ..................................................... 17 (2) Characteristics of “Social Security” Systems in Developing Countries and Development Models .......................................................................................................... 18 (3) “Social Security” Systems in Asia by Development Stages ...................................... 22 1-2. Definition of “Social Security” ................................................................................... 26 (1) Scope of Health Care ..................................................................................................... 26 (2) Scope of Pension ........................................................................................................... 27 (3) Scope of Social Welfare ................................................................................................ 27 (4) Outline of “Social Security” Systems in Japan ........................................................... 27 1-3. Trend of International Assistance .............................................................................. 34 (1) Trend of Assistance ....................................................................................................... 34 (2) Role and Activities of Each Donor ............................................................................... 34 1-4. Trend of Japan’s Assistance ...................................................................................... 40 (1) Trend of Assistance ....................................................................................................... 40 (2) Efforts of Our Government ........................................................................................... 41 Chapter 2 Approaches to “Social Security” .......................................................................... 43 2-1 Objectives of “Social Security” ................................................................................. 43 (1) Relationship with Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Human Security .... 43 (2) Social and Economic Significance ............................................................................... 43 (3) Support for “Initiative for a Caring World” and “Social Security” ............................ 44 (4) Self-sustaining Management through Capacity Development ................................... 45 2-2 Effective Approaches to “Social Security” ............................................................... 45 Development Strategy Goal 1: Strengthening the Capacity for Policy Planning (Research and Planning) ..................................................................................................... 45 Development Strategy Goal 2: Design of Social Security System (Design) ................... 48 Development Strategy Goal 3: Infrastructure of System Management/Capacity Development (Operation) .................................................................................................... 53 Chapter 3 Direction of JICA’s Cooperation .............................................................................. 57 3 3-1 Issues of High Priority and Points to Consider ........................................................ 57 (1) Comparative Advantage and Assistance Resources of Japan .................................. 57 (2) Issues of High Priority ................................................................................................... 61 (3) Points to be Considered When Providing Cooperation in the “Social Security Sector” ................................................................................................................................. 63 3-2 Future Issues............................................................................................................... 66 (1) Issues in Ensuring Human Resources ........................................................................ 66 (2) Coordination with Other Areas ..................................................................................... 67 Annex 1. Major Cooperation Projects ....................................................................................... 68 1. Technical Cooperation Projects ........................................................................................ 68 (Source) JICA Website (http://gwweb.jica.go.jp)2. Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteer 69 2. Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteer ........................................................................... 70 3. Study Project....................................................................................................................... 71 4. Grass-root Technical Cooperation .................................................................................... 72 5. Yen Loan .............................................................................................................................. 72 Annex 2. Major Donors’ Activities on “Social Security” ......................................................... 74 1. World Bank（WB） ......................................................................................................... 74 2. Asian Development Bank (ADB) .................................................................................... 78 3. International Labor Organization (ILO) ......................................................................... 82 4. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) .................................................................... 84 5. International Social Security Association (ISSA) ......................................................... 85 6. European Union (EU) ...................................................................................................... 86 7. German Development Cooperation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit: GTZ) ....................................................................................................... 86 Annex3. Basic Check List (Social Security) ............................................................................. 89 Annex 4. Situation of “Social Security” in Southeast Asia .................................................... 94 References・Bibliography・Websites ..................................................................................... 98 4 Schematic Chart In these guidelines, we devised the following Schematic Chart for Development Issues to comprehensively present general approaches to issues15 on a tree-shaped chart. This chart is formulated as a tool to understand the whole image of a composition of each development issue in a cross-sectoral manner and to consider policies for solving issues and the direction and contents of cooperation. (Schematic Chart for Development Issues (excerpt)) Development Intermediate Goal Examples of Tools and Methods to Achieve Goals Strategy Goal Preparation Stage for Stage for Establishing Stage for Stabilizing and Social Security Employees’ Social Security Expanding Social Security System System System 1.Improvement [Health care/Pension/Social Welfare] of Capacity of 1-1: Development Provision of the Provision of the following Provision of the following following know-how know-how know-how Policy of capacity for ・ Method of assessing ・ Planning and ・ Planning and Formulation planning and social welfare needs